秦兼并战争中的“出其人”政策--上古移民史的特例

The Policy of“Expelling the Indigenous People”in Annexing Wars of the State of Qin: an Exception inthe History of Migration in Ancient Times

秦在逐步东进,推动兼并的战争进程中,曾经发生对新占领地区"出其人"或曰"归其人",即推行驱逐原居民而仅仅占有其土地的政策。有记载表明,对这样的地区,秦又有"募徙"、"赐爵"、"赦罪人迁之"予以充实的情形。这种特殊的移民方式,可能体现新占领区居民与秦人之间极端敌对的情绪,以及因此导致的秦军政长官对新占领区居民的不信任心态。而秦史中确实可以看到这种敌对心理引致沉痛行政教训的实例。秦"徕民"追求导致的新占领区政策的调整,有积极的意义。大致在秦昭襄王时代,以往"秦能取其地,而不能夺其民"的情形已经有所改变。"募徙"、"赐爵"、"赦罪人迁之"的方式,作为秦的一项重要的政治发明,在后来的历史中依然得以沿承。

In the war process that the State of Qin waged against the rest of the country,gradually marching eastward and acheiving annexation,the policy of expelling the indigenous people and occupying their lands was once implemented.Records indicate that the State of Qin took the measures of'recruiting immigrants','rewarding ranks of nobility',and'pardoning criminals for migration'to replenish those areas.This special migration might reflect the extreme hostility between people of the new occupation and of the State of Qin,and the distrust among the Qin military governors toward people of the new occupation.In the history of the State of Qin,we do see the poignant cases of administrative lessons caused by such hostility.The policy adjustment of the new occupationcaused by Qin's pursuit of'soliciting masses'was quite positive,and around the times of King Zhaoxiang of Qin,the previous situation that 'the State of Qin could get the land,but could not seize its people'had changed.As an important political invention of the State of Qin,the policies of'recruiting immigrants','rewarding ranks of nobility',and'pardoning criminals for migration'were still carried on in later history.