唐宋“口号”诗考论

A Textual Research of the“Impromptu Poems”in the Tang and Song Dynasties

"口号"的形成是诗歌演进史上的重要现象。口号诗起源于刘宋时期,兴起于唐,为即时创作、随口吟成的诗体。永明"四声八病"诗歌理论导致诗歌创作方式的改变,是口号诗成为诗体并得以发展的主因。当唐代格律诗盛行,诗人们在对诗歌进行精心推敲打磨时,口号诗机智、快捷的创作特点被凸显出来,成为诗人逞才弄技、酬赠唱和的重要诗体。即时成章、要求作者有临机之能的口号诗被有巧智的俳优所运用,成为唐宋杂剧的表演手段——"辞捷"。由于宋代宫廷宴乐中的乐语关涉到皇家威严、国家事体,其文辞常由翰林学士代拟,乐语中的口号诗也由即兴创作改为事先撰写。口号的地位及价值因其创作方式的改变而发生了变化。乐语中的口号以歌功颂德为主,格调低下,为文人所不屑,最终走向消亡;而保持自由吟诵状态的口号依然具有旺盛的生命力。

The formation of'impromptu'is an important phenomenon in the history of poetry.Originated in the first Song period and flourishing in the Tang Dynasty,the impromptu poem is a poetic style of impromptu creation and extemporaneous composition.The change in ways of creation resulted in the poetic theory of'four tones and eight ills'in the Yongming years,and was the major cause of the impromptu poem becoming apoetic style.While the metrical poetry prevailed in the Tang Dynasty,and poets elaborately crafted their composition,the ready-witted characteristics of the impromptu poem stood out,and then it became an important style for the poets expressing their talents as well as replying each other.The impromptu poem required immediate response was applied by resourceful comedians to be the 'cijie',one performing means of poetic drama set to music(zaju)of the Tang and Song Dynasties.Because the music language used in conviviality of the Song court was closely concerned the royal majesty and state affairs,the words were often drafted by members of the imperial academy,and the impromptu poems in music language also changed from instant creation to beforehand writing.The position and value of impromptu thus changes with the transformation of its way of creation.The impromptu poems in music language were mainly eulogistic and low in style,which was commonly despised by scholars and finally became extinct;yet the impromptu poems still had strong vitality which kept the condition of free chanting.