美国总统制确立的理论渊源及制度基础

The Theory and System Basis of the American Presidency

美国是世界上第一个确立总统制的国家。在1787年制宪会议上,制宪者经过反复讨论,最终创建了这一新的政府体制,他们的思想主要受两个方面的影响:一是来自欧洲的混合政府理论与分权制衡思想,特别是孟德斯鸠的分权理论被大多数制宪者接受;二是殖民地至美国独立以来的政治经历,其中包括总督制、州际委员会制和强州长制,每一种制度的利弊都为总统制的确立提供了实践基础。

The United States is the first country of establishing the Presidency.At the Convention of1787,the Framers designed the Presidency after repeated discussion and their thoughts were mainly from two aspects:the first was the theory of mixed government and the idea of separation powers,especially Montesquieu thoughts;the second was the political experience from the colonial period to the independence of America.It included the Governor System,the Committee System and the Strong Governor System;the advantages and disadvantages of each system all became the practical basis of American Presidency.