出口、出口目的地和技能需求结构

Exports,export destinations and skill structure

文章首先从理论上分析了对高收入国家的出口对于企业技能结构升级的促进作用,并分析了影响的两个渠道:第一,由于高收入国家收入的边际效用更低从而相对偏好于更高质量的产品,于是对高收入国家出口的企业需要多雇佣熟练劳动力来生产高质量的产品;第二,出口过程中所需要的销售调研、运输配送等"必要服务"是高技能劳动密集型的,高收入国家由于地理位置、语言文化等与中国差异较大,从而企业对高收入国家的出口需要更高水平的"必要服务",相应地对高技能劳动的相对需求就会增加。然后文章将2004年海关贸易数据和工业企业数据对接,从实证层面证实了理论预期。基于一般贸易的回归结果表明,总体出口显著地抑制了企业技能结构的优化,但对高收入国家的出口却显著促进了技能结构的优化,并且影响的两个渠道确实存在。

Firstly,this paper theoretically analyzes the role of exports of high-income countries( hi) in promoting the skill structure,and the two channels through which hi affects it. On one hand,the marginal utility of income is lower in high-income countries and the relative preference for higher-quality products is higher,hence manufacturers that export to high-income countries need to hire skilled labor to produce higher quality products. On the other hand,some kinds of service like sale research,transportation and distribution are required during export,and this ' required service' is also skilled-labor-intensive,and the differences of geographical location,language culture between China and high income countries are greater,so the corresponding relative demand for skilled labor is higher. Then we match the firms in the China Customs Trade Database with Industrial Enterprises Database for2004,and test the theoretical predictions empirically. Considering the large proportion of China's processing trade and its specificities in skilled-labor demand,we focus on the general trade in the empirical test. The regression results based on general trade show that,overall exports significantly inhibit the optimization of skill structure,but exporting to high-income countries significantly promote the demand of skilled labor,and the two impact channels do exist. In addition,the regression results are robust and reliable.