河北省10000kg·hm^(-2)以上冬小麦产量构成及群个体生育特性

Yield Components and Population and Individual Characteristics of Growth and Development of Winter Wheat over 10 000 kg·hm^(-2) in Hebei Province

【目的】探索河北省小麦超高产水平从9 000 kg·hm-2向10 000 kg·hm-2突破的途径,明确河北省10 000kg·hm-2以上超高产小麦的产量结构特点和各个生育时期的群体、个体特征,以及适宜的生态条件,为进一步开展可稳定实现10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量的河北省小麦超高产栽培技术体系的研究提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2014年4个小麦生长季,在高产大田设置不同品种、氮肥基追比和追氮时期处理,结合其他超高产栽培技术措施,进行小麦超高产攻关研究。将4个生长季籽粒产量9 000 kg·hm-2以上的处理分为9 000—9 500、9 500—10 000和10 000 kg·hm-2以上3个水平,分析小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2提高到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,产量结构和各个生育时期群个体性状的变化,并结合土壤肥力数据和气象数据分析实现10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量适宜的生态条件。【结果】通过3个产量水平处理的比较,河北省小麦产量从90 00 kg·hm-2提高到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,公顷穗数变化较小,穗粒数在30—35粒的概率较大,粒重显著提高。产量水平从9 000—9 500 kg·hm-2提高至9 500—10 000 kg·hm-2时,干物质积累量明显增加,进一步提高至10 000 kg·hm-2以上时收获指数有所提高。穗数800万/hm2、穗粒数在30—35粒、千粒重43 g以上、成熟期干物质积累量22 000 kg·hm-2、收获指数为0.46是河北省10 000 kg·hm-2以上超高产小麦比较理想的产量结构和调控指标。10 000 kg·hm-2以上产量水平的小麦旗叶和倒2叶叶面积均小于20 cm2,孕穗期叶面积指数为7.69—8.24,均低于9 000—9 500 kg·hm-2产量水平,但花后20 d叶面积指数在4以上,花后30 d在2以上,均高于后者。小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2到10 000 kg·hm-2以上,土壤基础肥力和施肥量变化较小,生育期降水量和灌水量也未增加,但小麦全生育时期特别是开花至成熟阶段的积温和光照时数均有所增加。【结论】河北省实现小麦产量从9 000 kg·hm-2到10 000 kg·hm-2的突破,公顷穗数的增产潜力较小,提高穗粒数和粒重应作为主攻方向。大小适中、后期衰老缓慢的高质量群体是实现10 000 kg·hm-2超高产的保证,较高的基础肥力以及积温和光照较好的年型是实现10 000 kg·hm-2超高产的基础。

【Objective】The purpose of this study is to explore the pathway that the super high yield level of wheat tops 10 000 kg·hm-2 from 9 000 kg·hm-2 in Hebei Province, and to definite yield component characters and population and individual features at various growth stages of super high yielding wheat over 10 000 kg·hm-2, as well as the appropriate ecological conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for studying super highly-yielding cultivation technique system of wheat that can achieve the yield over 10 000 kg·hm-2 stably in Hebei Province.【Method】The super high-yielding research was conducted by adopting different varieties and nitrogen application treatments in high-yielding field during 2010-2014 growing seasons of wheat, and combining with other super high-yielding cultivation technique measures. The yield results were divided into three levels, i.e., 9 000-9 500 kg·hm-2, 9 500-10 000 kg·hm-2 and 〉10 000 kg·hm-2, and then the changes in yield components and population and individual features at various growth stages from 9 000 kg·hm-2 to 10 000 kg·hm-2 were analyzed. Meanwhile the appropriate ecological conditions benefiting high yield over 10 000 kg·hm-2 was confirmed by combining with soil fertility and meteorological data.【Result】The results of comparative analysis on treatments of three yield levels showed that, the change of spike number per hectare was smaller when the grain yield of wheat in Hebei Province increased from 9 000 kg·hm-2 to 〉10 000 kg·hm-2, and kernels per spike mainly floated from thirty to thirty five, however, the grain weight increased significantly. The dry matter accumulation amount increased significantly when yield level increased from 9 000-9 500 kg·hm-2 to 9 500-10 000 kg·hm-2, and the harvest index also increased when yield level went on increasing to 〉10 000 kg·hm-2. The relatively ideal yield components and targeting parameters for super high-yielding wheat of 〉10 000 kg·hm-2 in Hebei Province are that, spikes 800×104 hm2, 30-35 kernels per spike, 1 000-grain weight 43 g, dry matter weight at maturity 22 000 kg·hm-2, and harvest index 0.46, respectively. In treatments with the yield 〉10 000 kg·hm-2, the area of flag leaf and penultimate leaf was smaller than 20 cm2 respectively, the leaf area index at booting stage was 7.69-8.24, which were all lower compared with treatments of 9 000-9 500 kg·hm-2 yield level. However, in treatments with the yield 〉10 000 kg·hm-2, the leaf area index on 20 and 30 th day after anthesis of wheat were larger than 4 and 2, respectively, which were larger than those in treatments with the yield 9 000-9 500 kg·hm-2. Accompanied with the yield increased from 9 000 kg·hm-2 to 〉10 000 kg·hm-2, there were little change in basal fertility of soil and fertilizing amount, the precipitation and irrigation amount during growing season of wheat was not increased too, while the accumulated temperature and sunshine duration from anthesis to maturity and the whole growing season of wheat were higher or longer.【Conclusion】To break through the bottleneck that grain yield of wheat from 9 000 kg·hm-2 to 〉10 000 kg·hm-2 in Hebei Province, the effect of increasing spikes per hectare will be little, increasing the kernels per spike and grain weight should be regarded as the main direction. The high quality population with a modest size and senescing slowly is the guarantee of super high yield over 10 000 kg·hm-2. Meanwhile, the higher basal fertility, suitable accumulated temperature and longer sunshine duration are the basis to achieve super high yield over 10 000 kg·hm-2.