清初“纪录”小考

A Concise Textual Research on “jilu” in the Early Part of Qing Dynasty

本文对清初的"纪录"进行了考察。"纪录"在明代业已存在,可是清代"纪录"与明代"纪录"的运用方式不同。清入关后,如果官员拥有"纪录",遇到行政性处罚时,可以以"纪录"抵消处罚。这样的功绩与处罚的抵销开始于入关前。在入关前的汉文史料上,与"纪录"相关的记载很常见。尤其是皇太极时期有关论功行赏的史料中,"纪录"的记载经常出现。因此,清入关后"纪录"的来源很有可能源于入关前(尤其是天聪年间)的论功行赏制度。在汉文史料上,入关前后"纪录"写的都是"纪录",但是在满文史料上,入关前后"纪录"的写法不一样。入关前的"纪录"是"ni gidaha",入关后的"纪录"是"jergi ejehe"。本文利用顺治初纂《太宗实录》、满文档案等各种史料进行考证,将满文"纪录"的表现变化时期限定于顺治年间。另外,还以满文的语言表现为线索,对入关前"纪录"的性质及其变迁进行考察。

This article carries on a concise textual research on“jilu”in the early part of Qing Dynasty. There is“jilu”found in Ming Dynasty, yet the way to utilize it in Qing Dynasty is different from that in Ming Dy?nasty. After the entry of Shanhai Pass, officers who own“jilu”can use it to counter-balance the punishment when they are met with any administrative punishment. In fact, this set-off starts before the entry of Shanhai Pass. In Chinese-language historical materials during this time, records of“jilu”are quite common, especially in those materials which concern with rewarding people according to their merits in Hong Taiji Period. There?fore, the“jilu”found after the entry of Shanhai Pass is possibly originated in the awarding system before the en?try of Shanhai Pass (Particularly in Tianzong Regime?). In Chinese-language historical materials,“jilu”makes no difference before and after the entry of Shanhai Pass; on the contrast, in Manchu-language materials, it is“ni gidaha”before the entry of Shanhai Pass and“jergi ejehe”after it. By taking advantage of Taizong Record first compiled in Shunzhi Period, Manchu archives and many other historical materials, this article engages in textual research to fix the changing period of“jilu”to Shunzhi Period. In addition, this article also discusses the nature and its transition of“jilu”in Manchu language.