口述历史与语言学

Oral History and Linguistics

口述历史是一种言语活动,即采访人与受访人的对话交流和协商建构。采访人须具备交际语言能力和语言学知识,懂得营造和适应语境,熟悉地域和社会方言,遵守会话合作原则。在采访对话中能觉察口误、概念不当等言语事故,设法质询、订正或标记、说明。在口述历史录音抄本的整理过程中,保留口语形态,致力于保持语、文张力。口述历史可作语言学研究路径,可使用访谈和实验方法调查语言现象、研究语言问题;在录音抄本整理中进行语音识别、语义分析、言文差异、言语理解、言语表达等方面研究;录音录像档案即语料资源,可供方言、语言历时演变、语言接触和语言变异等进行研究。口述历史档案即人类个体记忆库亦即大型语言数据库,可供数据挖掘和数据分析,推进语言学研究方法革新。还可通过口述历史进行"语言人"的研究,通过口述历史,研究言语风格、个人方言、口头禅等因素,探索言说者的思维习惯、心理信息和精神特质。为濒危语言使用者做口述历史,可记录口述者生活阅历和文化经验,同时记录濒危语言的"语言病历",鼓舞该语言使用者的信心,保护语言资源和语言生态;进而建立"语言种子库",为语言复兴保留一脉生机。

As a verbal activity,oral history is a conversational communication and a negotiable construction between the interviewer and interviewee.The interviewer must acquire communicative language competence and linguistic knowledge,know how to build up and adapt to a context,get familiar with the dialects of various places,and follow the conversional cooperative principle.During the interview,the interviewer should have the ability to sense verbal accidents such as a slip of the tongue,or improper concept,and then seek to question,correct them at the moment,or mark and note them later.As for the transcript of the oral history recording,the original oral form should be kept,and the language tension should be strived to remain.Oral history could be applied for multiple approaches to linguisticresearch,for instance,to study linguistic phenomenon and issues through interview and experiment;to study speech recognition,semantic analysis,language-character difference,verbal comprehension and expression,etc.through transcribing the recording;to study dialects,language diachronic evolution,language contact and variation,etc.through looking into the audio-visual recording archive as corpora resource.As the individual human memory library and large-scale language database,oral history archive can also be applied for date mining and analysis,to promote the renovation of linguistic research approach.Besides,it can also be applied in the study of the'speaker'and in the exploration of the speaker's habits of mind,psychological information and spiritual qualities though his or her language style,individual dialect,pet phrase,etc..The oral history of endangered language speakers is good way of recording the interviewees'life and cultural experiences as well as the'case history'of the endangered language,encouraging the language speakers'confidence of using that language,protecting the language resource and ecology so as to build'language seed bank'and retain a hope of language revitalization.