清末社会维护领海渔业权活动考察

An Investigation about Chinese Social Assertion of Territorial Waters Fishery in the Late Qing Dynasty

自20世纪初年开始,列强觊觎中国沿海渔业资源,在中国近海侵渔,侵害了中国领海渔业权,这引起了中国社会的关注。在反对外人侵渔的过程中,清末中国社会催生了领海渔业权意识。当时日本对华侵渔最明显,引起中国朝野抗议。除日本对华侵渔外,德国亦在胶州湾租借地开设渔业公司。这引起了部分中国人的警觉。为抵制外人侵渔,在张謇等人倡导下,清末中国社会兴起创办新式渔业公司的热潮。这对中国领海观念的形成具有重要影响,促使部分官员形成比较明确的领海渔业权观念。之后不久,张謇等人又在商部积极支持下参加了意大利米兰渔业赛会,试图向世界展示中国渔业界自保利权、维护海权的形象。尽管未能真正有效维护海权,但当时中国社会维护渔业权的努力仍值得肯定。

At the beginning of early 20th century, the great powers coveted the coastal fishery resource of China, they tried to infringe on fishery in coastal waters, which directly infringed on the territorial waters fishery of China. This action aroused the public concern in China. During the process of defending foreign infringement of fishery, a social consciousness of territorial waters fishery emerged in Qing dynasty. Japanese infringement on Chinese fishery was the most obvious one, which produced vocal opposition from the Qing government. Besides Japan, Germany also rented lands in Jiaozhou Bay and set up fishing companies. These activities alert sectional Chinese. In order to resist the infringement on fishery from foreigners, the society set off a wave of founding new-style fishing companies at the initiative of Zhang Qian et al. This activity had a great affection on the formation of the consciousness about territorial waters for China. It made sectional officials have a relatively clear consciousness of territorial waters fishery. Soon after that, Zhang Jian and the others took part in the fishing tournament in Milan with the strong support from the commerce ministry. They attempted to show the Chinese image of protecting rights and asserting sea power to the world. Though they didn＇t assert the sea power effectively, these efforts of asserting fishery at that time are still worthy of recognition.