清至民国福建溺婴现象与育婴堂研究

A Research on Infanticide Phenomenon and the Foundling in Fujian from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

清代以来福建地区溺婴现象不仅普遍存在,而且发生了从男女皆溺到专溺女婴的转变,并呈现贫富皆溺的特征。基于地方志的资料记载,文章分析了厚嫁风俗、人口压力、意识观念等因素对溺女现象的影响,并指出溺婴给当时社会所造成了一系列危害;梳理了清初以来育婴堂兴衰的主要发展脉络,并揭示了育婴堂由官营到私营的转变历程。研究显示,育婴堂作为一种补偿机制,在发展过程中逐渐形成一套较为完整的"收"、"育"、"送"的救济弃婴体系。文章进一步分析了育婴堂的日常运作和经费来源,并通过一场堂产公私之争,梳理了育婴堂相关产业性质的转变。

Since the Qing Dynasty, infanticide phenomenon is widespread in Fujian, and there has been a transition from no gender differences infanticide to exclusively female infanticide, and no disparities infanticide. Based on local history records, the author analyzes the impact of Dowry customs, population pressure, concept and other factors on female infanticide phenomena, and points out a series of social harm was caused by infanticide. The author reviews the major development context of the rise and fall of the foundling since the early Qing, and reveals the transition course from the government-run to the private-run. Studies show that foundling as a compensation mechanism in the development process gradually formed a relatively complete abandoned baby relief system of ＂adoption＂, ＂education＂, ＂send＂. The author further analyzes the daily operation and the sources of funding of the foundling, and takes a hall capacity of public and private dispute as a case, further sort the transformation of the foundling properties.