汉韩“白”类词的语义、语法和语用特征对比研究

A comparative study of the Chinese adverb bái(白) and its Korean counterparts

本文对汉语隐性否定副词"白"跟韩语heos-和geojeo做对比研究。观察到几点:其一,语义上,"白"有两个义项:表示"劳而不获",即"白1",以及"不劳而获",即"白2"。在韩语里,这两个义项分別由前缀heos-(?)和副词geojeo(??)来表达。另外,heos-除了表示"劳而不获"之外,还表示没有获得效益的原因("做得不对"或"无缘无故")。其二,句法上,汉语"白"可以跟先时-完整体标记"了1"共现,韩语的heos-和geojeo也可以跟先时-完整体标记-eoss-共现。不过,"白"不能跟显性否定副词"没(有)"共现,但heos-和geojeo却可以跟显性否定副词mos一起出现。其三,语用上,汉语"白1"和"白2"不仅引进"劳酬均衡原理"作为语用预设,还否定它在当下语境中的有效性。同样,韩语heos-和geojeo也有类似的引进并否定语用预设的功能。其四,汉语表示"劳而不获"的"白1"和韩语heos-出现的频率远远高于表示"不劳而获"的"白2"和geojeo。对这种共同的语用频率偏向,文章试图用"乐观假设"和"负面效果"等语用原则进行解释。

In Chinese,the adverb bai(白) has two basic senses,i.e.bai① as in bai lao er bu huo(白劳而不获,to do something in vain) and bai② as in bu lao er bai huo(不劳而白获,to harvest something without labor).These two senses correspond to the prefix heos(?) and the adverb geojeo(??) in Korean.This paper examines the similarities and differences between the Chinese adverb bai and the above two Korean counterparts.First,in addition to the meaning of'to do something in vain',the prefix heos-also encodes the reason why no benefit is obtained(e.g.,because someone does it in the wrong way or for no reason at all).Secondly,in pragmatic terms,the Chinese bai① and bai② not only introduce 'the principle of the equilibrium of payment and reward' as the pragmatic presupposition,but also negate the validity of this presupposition in the given context.Similarly,the Korean heos-and geojeo also introduce this principle and negate the presupposition.In this way,they function to express implicit negation.Thirdly,the Chinese implicit negative adverb bai can co-occur with the perfective marker le_1(了),but the explicit negative adverb meiyou(没有,have not occurred or accomplished) cannot co-occur with le_1.Similarly,the Korean implicit negative forms heos- and geojeo can co-occur with the perfective marker-eoss-.However,unlike the Chinese explicit negative adverb meiyou,the Korean explicit negative adverb mos can also co-occur with the perfective marker-eoss-,Finally,in terms of the frequency of use,the Chinese bai① and the Korean heos-have higher frequencies of occurrence than bai② and geojeo.For this phenomenon,the paper adopts 'the hypothesis of optimism' and 'the negative effect' for an explanation.