地方各级人民法院宪法地位的规范分析

Normative Analysis of the Constitutional Status of Local People's Courts

我国地方各级人民法院均由宪法规范直接创设并具有宪法机关地位,这在比较法中是个特例。作为宪法设定的"国家的审判机关",地方各级人民法院是非地方、非中央的法律性机关,它与最高人民法院一起构成了行使审判权的整体,而不像各级国家权力机关和各级国家行政机关那样在纵向上划分各自的事权。宪法第3条第4款规定的中央和地方国家机构职权划分的原则,即"在中央的统一领导下,充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性",主要是针对国家权力机关和行政机关的要求,并不适用于人民法院。审判权一体性是基本原则,而审判组织地方性只是具体制度,二者之间的冲突应当也只能通过限缩后者得到解决。

Local people＇s courts are created directly by the Constitution and therefore are constitu- tional organs. This status is very special in the field of comparative law. As ＂state judicial organs＂ defined by the Constitution, local people＇ s courts are neither local nor central, but rather components of the ensemble of judicial organs under supervision by the Supreme People＇ s Courts. They are legal organs different from the representative or administrative organs that manage national and local affairs separately. Therefore, the principle of ＂giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities＂, prescribed in Article 3 Paragraph 4 of the Constitution, does not apply to them. The integration of judicial power is a fundamental prin- ciple, whereas the local nature of judicial organizations is nothing but a concrete institutional design. Therefore, conflicts between these two natures ought and has to be resolved by limiting the latter.