从劳动过程看资本主义社会的变迁——对新马克思主义劳动过程理论的再分析

Rediscussing the Change of Capitalism from the Perspective of Labor Process: on the Western Marxist Theory of Labor Process

劳动过程之所以能够成为社会科学的研究对象,不仅因为它受到国家、市场、社会等因素的直接影响,而且是政治经济体制建构的核心环节。通过分析劳动过程中的控制与反抗关系,我们得以解释在不同政治经济制度下,生产关系是如何被再生产出来的。在资本主义不同阶段,劳动过程的本质以及生产关系再生产的方式是不同的:竞争资本主义时期,劳动过程的本质是资本最大程度地从已购劳动中压榨剩余价值。这时,劳动过程以资本的独断、专制为特征,生产中的榨取与生产外意识形态这两者共同推动了资本主义生产关系的再生产;而垄断资本主义时期劳动过程的本质是:资本获得并掩盖剩余价值。这时,劳动过程呈现出怀柔的特征,劳动过程本身具有了意识形态效果,并再生产出了资本主义生产关系。

Labor process, as the object of social science, which shaped by state, market and civil society, locates at the center of a political economy structure. Through analyzing the control and resistance in the labor process, we can explain the reproduction of the production relation under the diverse political economic institutions. In the different phases of capitalist society, the essential and the strategy of the reproduction of production relation is different. Under competitive capitalism, the essential of the labor process is to squeeze the surplus value from labor as much as possible. Thus, the character of the labor process is despotic and arbitrary, and the exploita-tion during the production and the ideology out of the production make the reproduction of the production rela-tion possible together. Under monopoly capitalism, the essential of the labor process is to secure and conceal the surplus value simultaneously. Thus, the character of the labor process is hegemonic and conciliatory. With the ideological effect, the capitalist production relation can be reproduced by the labor process itself.