摘要18、19世纪罪犯改造从精神诉求走向实践。独居制、沉默制在美国先后出现。1870年10月在辛辛那提的“国家监管工作会议”（The National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline）总结了独居制与沉默制的探索，明确了罪犯改造的地位。这次会议所确定的原则为现代监狱发展规划了路线图，现代监狱由此诞生。
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