不同文化影响下的少数民族文化认同研究述评

A Review on the Study of Ethnic Minorities' Cultural Identity Influenced by Different Cultures

随着社会快速发展,全球化、多元化、中华文化、社会主义文化对少数民族自身文化认同带来巨大冲击和影响。本文从文化认同受到的文化影响来分类,研究主要集中在不同文化形态对少数民族文化认同的影响、作用。本文通过研究系统地把握少数民族文化认同的研究现状,分析现有研究存在的不足,为少数民族文化认同进一步深入研究提供参考。

Due to the rich content of cultural identity,the research related to this aspect involves many disciplines,including anthropology,sociology,psychology,philosophy,literature,religion and education,etc. Based on their own academic background,scholars have done a lot of research on various aspects of the cultural identity of ethnic minorities. This article classifies cultural identity influenced by different cultures,and focuses on a study of the impact and role of different cultural forms on the ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity.The influences on the cultural identity of ethnic minorities include the following：1. The influence of globalization and diversification on the cultural identity of ethnic minorities Following the globalization of the economy,cultural exchange between different countries has become inevitable. Mutual influences between various cultural groups are unavoidable. More and more individuals or groups hold multiple cultural beliefs,values and attitudes. Globalization has brought unprecedented challenges to various countries,especially to the cultural development of developing countries. An ethnic culture needs to lead its own development direction amidst the multi-cultural patterns,develop itself by keeping its own elements while absorbing elements from others,emphasize the self- innovation of its ethnic minority culture by way of improving the ethnic minority＇s cultural consciousness,and adapt itself to the development trends of the globalization and diversification process.Public media in the process of globalization and diversification is the catalyst for cultural identity. The public media have accelerated the speed of deconstruction,breakdown and fragmentation of ethnic minority traditions. The spread of public media helps ethnic minorities to notice cultural differences. On the one hand,ethnic minorities have accepted the modern life style and values propagated by the public media; on the other hand,they do not want to lose their traditional culture. Hence,an identity crisis appears. However,the public media can also have a positive impact on the ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity—it can repair and reconstruct the ethnic minorities＇ own cultures,and provide a positive function to their cultural identity.2. The influence of Chinese culture on the cultural identity of the ethnic minorities Looking back on the agricultural cultures and grassland cultures in Chinese history,there were contradictions,conflicts,impacts,exchanges and fusion between those ethnic groups that practiced farming and nomadic people during the long process of history. Following the formation,development and solidification of Chinese great unification during the Qin and Han periods,a Chinese pattern of ＂unity in diversity ＂was formed,and a Chinese culture dominated by agricultural civilization,but supplemented by nomadic culture,was formed. In his article titled Cultural Identity： The Causes of the Chaos in the History of Xinjiang and the Related Solutions,Miao Pusheng stated that oneof the deep causes of the chaos in Xinjiang was due to cultural identity. In his article titled The Chinese Nation＇s Pattern of Diversity in Unity,Fei Xiaotong constructs the idea of the Chinese nation＇s ＂pattern of diversity in unity ＂. Every ethnic minority has their own historical origincon cerning their formation and development,and has special characteristics which differ from other ethnic groups. The pattern of diversity in unity means that during the process of cultural development,all ethnic groups depend on each,complement each other,and communicate with each other.3. The influence of modern Chinese socialist culture on the ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity Since the founding of the New China,political and social development has been a complicated process; and,new cultural values and identities have gradually appeared. In their article titled Historical Causes of the Crisis in Cultural Identity on Chinese Culture in Modern Times and Solutions,Zhou Liuzheng and Liu Jiangning suggested taking the socialist core value system as the basis to strengthen the education regarding identity of the Chinese culture. In his article titled Studies on Cross- Cultural Communication from the Perspective of Cultural Identity,Guo Xiaochuan stated that different ethnic groups have identified themselves as ＂Chinese people ＂,and generally agree with those Chinese values which take Chinese culture and socialist culture as its core.Cultural identity is across- disciplinary subject. Many scholars have done a lot of research on different issues based on various disciplines andparadigms. Although more comprehensive research has been conducted on the cultural identity of ethnic minorities from a multi- disciplinary perspective,the following gaps or definciencies still exist in research content,and methodology.1. Deficiencies in quantitative and ongoing research with regard to the research methodology Because there are multiple types of cultural choices,the study of cultural identity has to be divided into different levels and cannot be unifiedwithin a simple concept. The present research methodology on cultural identity is mainly qualitative,with less quantitative from the aspect of sociology and psychology. This makes it difficult to evaluate some of the research findings. In addition,there is a lack of case studies in the present research. Much of the research focuses neither on a specific ethnic group,nor on regional characteristics. The domestic research has not yet effectively used the research findings from abroad. Of course,the applicability of the research findings from abroad also needs to be studied and argued.The influence of cultural identity is a complicated and long process. Only with a long term investigation tracing a specific group can valuable results be discovered. A short term research can only grasp some superficial phenomena. Most of the current research focuses on the research of some ethnic minority people＇s cultural identity at a fixed point in time and from a static perspective. However,cultural identity is a theme in a successive and multi- developing stage. The lack of conducting long term studies on ethnic minority groups will split the research and create difficulties in finding more valuable research findings.2. Deficiencies in conducting research from the perspective of management discipline Following economic development,there are more and more enterprises in ethnic minority areas. The individuals of ethnic minorities have transformed their livelihoods—from engaging in animal husbandry and farming activities to working in enterprises. Current research on ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity is insufficient from the perspective of enterprise management and management psychology. For instance,the cultural identity of the individuals of the ethnic minorities can influence whether or not they can integrate well into the enterprises as well as into the daily life. The culture of enterprises includes not only scientific management from the western countries,but also includes the management culture of China,that will also influence the ethnic minority people.The cultural identity of the ethnic minorities involves the issue of public management,and there is in sufficient research on the cultural identity incultural industrial development from the aspect of public management and administrative management. For instance,through an analysis of the causes of the problems formed during the process of developing cultural industries in frontier areas,one can construct the ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity. Moreover,public management involves social insurance. Hence,relevant research should be done to discuss how to ensure the cultural identity of ethnic minorities.3. Deficiency in doing in- depth research on practical issues At present,it is obvious that the theoretical research and practical research on the ethnic minorities＇ cultural identity are separate. Most of t