论国家对珍贵文物的优先购买权

Research on the Preemptive Right of the State to the Valuable Cultural Relics

《文物保护法》第58条规定的国家对珍贵文物的优先购买权具有诸多特殊性。该权利产生于文物行政部门指定国有文物收藏单位行使优先购买权的指定行为生效之时。该权利的享有主体是国家,由国有文物收藏单位代表国家行使。该权利仅适用于珍贵文物被拍卖的场合,其行使程序不同于在因强制执行而实施的拍卖中优先购买权的行使程序。该权利行使的最终效果是国家优先于第三人取得珍贵文物的所有权,国有文物收藏单位则取得占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定收益、处分的权利。

The preemptive right of the State to the valuable cultural relics,which is provided by article58 of the Law on Protection of Cultural Relics,has many special characteristics. When the administrative department for cultural relics designates an institution for the collection of state- owned cultural relics to exercise the preemptive right,the right comes into existence. The preemptive right belongs to the State,while the institution for the collection of state- owned cultural relics exercises it. The preemptive right applies only when the valuable cultural relics are put up for auction,and its exercising process is quite different from that of the preemptive right in the compulsory execution. After the institution for the collection of state- owned cultural relics exercised the preemptive right,it gets the right to possess,use,seek profits from and dispose of the valuable cultural relics in accordance with the laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council,while the ownership of the valuable cultural relics belongs to the State.