试释北邙元魏墓志中的辟除制度

A Study on the Self Commission System in Beimang Epitaph in the Northern Wei Dynasty

辟除本指高级官员自行任命幕僚的授职方式,是主吏间缔构君臣之义,保持紧密依附关系的媒介。北朝伴随官僚制度的发展,对辟除旧制进行彻底改造,全面整合皇帝臣工和长官僚属二维君臣体系,其含义涵盖皇帝征拜和长官启除,二者的相通之处在于根据名望举荐贤才。北邙元魏墓志集中反映了这一全新动向,为探讨中古人际关系提供了重要素材。由于专制皇权的强势干预,辟除蕴含的君臣之义大为逊色,僚属由长官的附庸逐渐转变为独立的上下级,封闭的利益团队土崩瓦解。元魏辟除异质,组织人事渗透皇权意志,有益于统治秩序的维护,为隋唐中央任命幕僚的官僚政体之形成奠定坚实的基础。

The self commission system originally referred to the appointment system of aides and staff by senior officials and was the medium of their close attachment. Along with the development of bureaucracy in the Northern dynasties,the former talents selection system was reinvented to fully integrate the emperor and senior officials' respective selection according to the candidates' reputation. This new trend was reflected in Beimang Epitaph during the Northern Wei dynasty,which provided important materials for the research on interpersonal relations in ancient times. Due to the strong intervention of the imperial authority,the vassal relationship between the monarch and his subjects in the self commission system was weakened and the aides and staff achieved the relatively independent status,which destroyed the closed interest group and contributed to the maintenance of the ruling order and the establishment of the bureaucratic regime in the Sui and Tang dynasty.