哈佛大学预备教育源起——19世纪初的哈佛教育改革

The Origins of the Preparatory Education in Harvard:Educational Reform in Harvard of the Early 19th Century

19世纪初,一些在德国游学的美国青年陆续回国,并供职于精英大学,继而掀起一股教育改革浪潮。其中,留学生乔治·蒂克纳先后两次在哈佛发起教育改革倡议,呼吁教职员工仿照德国教育实施改革。迄今为止,不少学者认为这场由蒂克纳发起的教育改革是美国大学向德国现代大学转型的典型事件,并将蒂克纳的改革解读为仿照德国式现代大学展开的改革行动。实际上,蒂克纳并非以德国式现代大学为蓝本改造哈佛教学制度,而是以德国中、高等教育相互衔接的学制为鉴,在哈佛完善高等教育预备教学制度,甚至,这场改革引领了随后教育界建构中、高等教育衔接制度的系列举措。可以说,蒂克纳发起的改革事件应该解读为一场以德国式高级中学为模板的教育改革。这场改革承受了美国学院制度内的惯性阻力。

In early 19th century, several young scholars who had been studying in German successively backed to the United States, and they began to serve as faculty of elite universities, and launched reforms in higher education. Among these young men, the returned scholar George Ticknor initiated educational reforms twice, suggested the faculties to practice reform after Germany education. Thus far, many scholars considered that the educational reform launched by Ticknor mean the transformation of American university into the pattern of Germany modern universities, and the researchers interpreted the reformer＇ s action as a measure to push Harvard become modern university as Germany university. Ticknor was not devoted to reforming Harvard by copying the pattern of Germany modern university, but aiming at improving the preparatory education based on the Germany educational institution in which the secondary education and higher education was linked. What＇ s more, the reform led the trend of reforms to construct the link between higher education and secondary education. Besides, there were resistances during the reform, which were generated from the inside of the educational institute of the early university in the United States.