钱穆考论古史地理研究方法得失论衡——以《周初地理考》的研究方法为中心

Discussion about the Success and Failure of Qian Mu's Research Methods in the Ancient Historical Geology——Based on the Methods in Geography Research in Early Zhou Dynasty

钱穆考论古史地理,并不单纯考证地名、地理,他的古史地理研究不属于传统的"地名簿记之学",而是人文地理学研究的典范。他在《周初地理考》一文中提出周人由山西往陕西迁徙、发展的看法,成为研究周初发展的重要一说。该文运用一些研究古史地理的方法,包括地名研究法,地名迁移,"人以地名,非地以人名";地望研究法,考论古史地望、人事要结合当时历史条件,以诗释史,运用声韵学等。虽自圆其说,但在研究方法、阐释文献、处理神话与历史的关系等方面都有不足,如:在研究方法上犯了"征之于古迹""求之于音似"两大毛病;在处理神话方面,把神话人物当作历史人物,没有运用考古资料。这些限制了该文的学术成就。

In his research on the ancient historical geology,Qian Mu didn＇t examine place names and geology only; his researches did not belong to traditional bookkeeping of the place names,but to human geography. In Geography Research in Early Zhou Dynasty,Qian Mu pointed out that Zhou clan who had originally lived in Shanxi province moved to and developed in Shaanxi province,which was an important explanation of how Zhou clan moved in early Zhou Dynasty. In the book,he employed some research methods for studying ancient historical geology,such as toponymy method,place name transfer,people being named after place names rather than place being named after people,location research,examination of the ancient historical geology,people and events with relative historical conditions,the use of poetry to explain history,the usage of phonology and the like. Though he had made out a good case for himself,he had some shortcomings in research method,document explanation,and dealing with the relationship between mythology and history. For example,in research method,he relied on historic sites and similar sounds; in dealing with mythology,he regarded mythological figures as historical figures without examining archaeological materials,all of which limited the book＇s academic achievements.