日本“江户三学”中的中国认识辨析

The Image of China among the "Three Schools" of the Edo Period

在江户时代(1603—1867年),日本三大学问体系都对"中华崇拜"意识提出了质疑。由于诸学派的学问目标各异,各自的中国认识也显示出不同的特征:儒学在崇尚先秦孔孟思想的同时对中国宋学进行了批判和扬弃,表现为厚古薄今的修正主义;国学为宣扬日本中心主义和神国史观而"逢华必反",表现为非理性的民族主义;兰学以对日本社会的实用价值为标尺,对中国思想文化进行了相对客观的评判,表现为经世致用的功利主义。各种中国认识也有交叉重叠之处,以至于衍生出兼通三学而提出侵吞中国的计划和理论。上述中国认识都以不同的话语形式延续到近代日本,影响着近代日本人的对华认识。

The former sovereign status of Chinese teachings were unprecedentedly questioned,even despised and scolded by the scholars of Japanese Confucianism,the Kokugaku(national learning),and the Rangaku(Dutch studies).With disparate aims and idioms,scholars of different schools formed different views on China:the Japanese neo-Confucians were characterized by a nostalgic criticism of the present;the Kokugaku scholars were overwhelmed by irrational nationalism;and the Rangaku scholars represented utilitarian pragmatism.They shared a consensus,however,in their interpretations,which eventually gave birth to a unified theory for the encroachment on China.The images of China formed among the 'three schools' have persisted until the modern era,shaping the Japanese understanding of and action toward China and the Chinese.