社交焦虑的生物学基础:生理、遗传和进化的证据

The Biological Basis of Social Anxiety: Evidence of Physiology, Inheritance and Evolution

社交焦虑的生物学基础包括生理反应、遗传关联和进化解释三个相互联系的层面。生理反应方面:高社交焦虑者在表情加工的三个阶段各有特征。早期识别阶段,对所有类型表情都有增强的警觉反应,表现为P1波幅增大、双侧枕区激活增强;中期知觉阶段,只对愤怒表情敏感,表现为P2波幅增大、杏仁核和扣带回激活增强;晚期反应阶段,则显示出明显的负性表情加工偏向,表现为P3等晚期ERPs波幅增大、额叶激活增强,以及带状盖网络等高级中枢与杏仁核的联系减弱。遗传关联方面:社交焦虑具有亲代和子代,以及同卵双生子之间高度相关的现象,且与5-羟色胺转运体基因、单胺氧化酶基因、脑源性神经营养因子基因和多巴胺D2受体基因等有关。进化解释方面:社交焦虑被认为是对社交威胁的自然反应和防御机制,该反应能激活唤醒水平,帮助个体更好调动身体资源来应对威胁,也能更好吸引异性注意来获取配偶,还能增加个体的团体受喜欢程度来获取发展机遇。

Biological basis of social anxiety contained three correlated levels which were physiological reaction, hereditary association and evolutionary explanation. In terms of physiological reaction, social anxiety illustrated men had different characteristics in the three stages of expression. In the earlier identification stage, men had intensive alarm reaction to the expression of all types. The specific performance P1 was enlarged. The activation in bilateral occipital area was enhanced. In the mid-term awareness stage which was only sensitive to anger expression. The specific performance P2 was also enlarged. The activation of amygdala and cingulated cortex was enhanced. In the late reaction stage which had noticeable negative expression process bias. The specific performance of the later period ERPs, P3 was enlarged. The activation of frontal lobe enhanced caused the connection between central nervous system such as cingulo-opercular network and amygdale weakened. In hereditary association, social anxiety had the genetic phenomenon of parent-offspring transmission and high correlation. Besides that, it related to some genes such as 5-HTT, MAO-A, BDNF and DRD2. In evolutionary explanation, social anxiety was regarded as natural response and defense mechanism to social threat which could activate arousal levels which improved and helped the individual to mobilize the body respond to the threat. In addition, it could also impress the opposite sex to get mates which could increase the popularity of individual in groups which could help the individual get more chances of development.