日本百年地下水法律性质的考察和启示

Legal Characters of Groundwater in Japan

日本虽缺乏全国性地下水综合立法,但其司法经历了土地所有人绝对所有权、权利滥用原则、社会公共资源和保护环境人格权四阶段。因而地下水逐渐脱离土地而独立,趋向公共物,并基于其流动性、循环性的特点,使得地下水法律性质需要从全流域视角考察。日本学说也经历了相应地过程,从土地构成说向土地分离说转移,并注重公法对私法的作用。日本的理论与实践对施行地下水国家所有、有偿许可的我国来说也具有一定借鉴意义。

Although there is no national law concerning groundwater right in Japan, it is beneficial to review and learn the lessons from its experience where the judicial section whereof has reviewed lots of cases reflecting the four periods from absolute ownership, prevention of right abuse, recognition of soical resource character of groundwater to protection of environmental personal right.During theses preiods , the undergroundwater was independently regared as common property not belonged to the land thereon. Accordingly, Japanese scholars, whether preferred it connected or disconnect with the land, combined both perspective from civil law and administrative law in the management and allocation of undergroundwater.