广州荔枝园节肢动物群落多样性及时空动态

Diversity and temporal dynamics of a litchi orchard arthropod community in Guangzhou

【目的】调查研究荔枝园节肢动物群落多样性及时空动态,为荔枝园主要害虫的预测预报和以天敌为主的科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】2012―2013年以广州市从化区黄围村的荔枝园为样地进行节肢动物群落系统调查及多样性动态规律分析。【结果】调查共获得节肢动物标本3 542号,分属于15目113科204种。其中,以膜翅目、同翅目和蜘蛛目为主要类群。在营养结构和食性方面,荔枝园植食性亚群落在种类和数量上都占绝对优势,捕食性亚群落次之。环境不同,群落组成也有差异,树冠层节肢动物群落的个体数量高于草本层,物种丰富度低于草本层。群落时间动态结果表明节肢动物类群的年发生动态明显有两个高峰期,呈"双峰型"。其中以4―6月的高峰为主,主要在荔枝幼果期和果实成熟期,植食性亚群落明显升高。树冠层与草本层亚群落的季节性变化也相对明显。调查获得荔枝园优势害虫为荔枝蝽象Tessaratoma papillosa、稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger、荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis、荔枝瘿螨Eriophyes litchii和绿额翠尺蠖Thalassodes proquadraria;优势天敌为大银腹蛛Leucauge magnifica、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus、草蛉Chrysopa carnea、六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica。【结论】荔枝园节肢动物物种丰富,优势害虫的发生与其优势天敌的数量与时间和荔枝的生长发育密切相关。

[Objectives] To provide a theoretical basis for forecasting and scientific biological control of major litchi orchard pests. [Methods] The structure and dynamics of the arthropod community in a litchi orchard in Conghua, Guangzhou was investigated in the field from 2012 to 2013. [Results] 3 542 arthropod specimens, belonging to 15 orders, 113 families and 204 species, were recorded. The main taxa were Hymenoptera, Homoptera and Araneae. Herbivorous species were predominant. Different micro-environments within the orchard could have a different community composition; the index of arthropod community diversity was higher in the canopy than in the herb layer but arthropod abundance in the canopy was lower than in the herb layer. There were two obvious peaks in species abundance with the main peak occurring between April and June. Herbivorous insects significantly increased during the green fruit and ripening periods. Seasonal variation in community composition was also relatively obvious in the canopy and herb layer. The dominant pest species were Tessaratoma papillosa, Cletus punctiger, Conopomorpha sinensis, Eriophyes litchii and Thalassodes proquadraria, and the dominant natural enemies were Leucauge magnifica, Oxyopes sertatus, Chrysopa carnea, Menochilus sexmaculataand Propylea japonica. [Conclusion] Litchi orchards have high arthropod species diversity. The number and occurrence of dominant pests and their predatory natural enemies are closely related to the growth and development of litchi fruit,