摘要
农田杂草的危害是阻碍农业生产快速、健康发展的主要因素之一。农田杂草的发生受到诸多自然因素的影响和人工措施的调控,而作物格局、土壤耕作和水肥管理是除施用除草剂外最基本的人工干扰措施。本文综述了作物种类和时空格局对杂草的影响,阐述了主要的作物种植模式防治杂草的效果,并比较了不同土壤耕作和水肥管理措施下杂草群落的变化,重点剖析了杂草发生的调控机制,探讨了通过作物与杂草的资源竞争、作物的他感作用及土壤种子库的变化来调控杂草发生的可能机理。综合相关研究发现,合理的轮作和间混套作表现出对田间杂草明显的抑制作用;免耕可以增加杂草的群落多样性,秸秆覆盖能降低杂草密度和生物量;施肥对杂草的影响因作物种类、施肥量和肥料类型等不同而不同,长期均衡施肥能降低杂草密度,增加杂草群落多样性;灌溉和提高自然降水利用效率能抑制旱地杂草,特定时间进行深水管理能够有效控制某些水田杂草。最后,针对目前研究和实践中的具体问题,展望了未来一段时间杂草的研究方向和应用前景。
Field weeds pose significant threats to agricultural production.Weed occurrence is affected by many factors,both natural and artificial.Crop pattern,tillage practices and the management of water and fertiliser are three fundamental factors.In this review paper,we summarize the effects of crop species and the temporal and spatial patterns of cropping.We describe the weed control outcomes of different planting modes,and compare changes in weed communities under different tillage practices and fertiliser applications.Possible control mechanisms are identified by considering the competition for resources between crops and weeds,crop allelopathy and changes in soil seed banks.Reasonable crop rotation,intercropping and mixed intercropping significantly restrain weed occurrence.No-tillage can increase weed community diversity.Straw mulch can reduce weed density and biomass.The effects of fertiliser application on weeds vary due to differences in crop species,fertiliser amount and type.Long-term balanced fertilisation can reduce weed density but increase weed community diversity.Irrigation and improved efficiency of natural precipitation use can inhibit upland weeds,and deep water management at appropriate times can effectively control some weeds in paddy fields.We conclude with some suggestions and prospects for future research on weed control.
出处
《草业学报》
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第8期199-210,共12页
Acta Prataculturae Sinica
基金
教育部科学研究重大项目(313028)
云南省高端科技人才引进计划项目(2012HA012)
甘肃省科技重大专项(1203FKDA035)
人力资源和社会保障部2012年度留学人员科技活动项目择优资助经费资助
关键词
作物格局
土壤耕作
水肥管理
杂草防控
crop pattern
tillage practice
management of water and fertiliser
weed control