徐州北洞山汉墓陶俑佩绶考——兼论秦汉印绶之制

Ribbon Decorations on Beidongshan Han Dynasty Pottery Figurines: A Study on Official Seal and Ribbon System of Qin and Han Dynasties

江苏徐州北洞山西汉墓壁龛出土一批保存完好的彩绘仪卫俑,其所佩饰物的形制和色彩尤其清晰,是秦汉佩绶形象珍贵的图像材料,揭示出有关汉代佩绶制度的一些新问题。参照北洞山汉墓陶俑所见实例,可知过去文献常见的"印绶"连称,在实际佩戴过程中并不具备可操作性。北洞山汉墓陶俑以更直接的"印"、"绶"形象揭示出它们之间的间接联系方式,即以较细的丝织物"縌"作为系带从而使"印"、"绶"相关联,也第一次向世人展示出"绶"之构件"縌"的直观形象。此外,本文结合历史文献认为,这批陶俑之佩绶具有早期过渡期的特点,西汉初年的绶带形态尚不固定,朝廷虽已行印绶之制,对不同等级的官秩所佩绶色有简单规定,但尚未如东汉一样形成体系完备的规制,汉绶本身在两汉时期存在变化。在此基础上,秦汉时期的印绶制度的发展也存在一个逐渐完备的过程,"绶"作为一种佩饰名广泛使用应在两汉时期,而真正意义上"佩绶"成风也发生在汉代。

Unearthed from the niches of a Han dynasty tomb at Beidongshan, Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, a group of well preserved painted figurines of guards is noted for decorations in clear shape and colours. These figurines provide invaluable information about ribbon decorations of the Qin and Han dynasties and raise new questions for scholars on Han dynasty official seal [印] and ribbon [绶] system. Beidongshan figurines give evidence that connecting an official seal with ribbon decorations （＂印绶＂; as often referred to in historical documents） is impractical. They illustrate the indirect relations between seal and ribbon, the two being connected with a thinner silk fabric ni instead. For the first time, the image of ni, as one component of ribbon, is discovered. By referring to historical documents, the author points out that ribbons on Beidongshan figurines show early features of the transitional period. In the early Western Han dynasty, ribbons were in varying shapes. Though seals and ribbons were used by officials at different levels in those days, a complete set of regulations had not yet been introduced until the Eastern Han. Probably during the Han dynasty, ＂绶＂ as a term referring to official ribbon decoration was in wide use and wearing ribbons became a fashion at the same time.