兴隆山自然保护区驯养马麝的麝香分泌及与其种群动态和年龄结构的关系

Musk secretion and its relationship to population dynamics and age-structure in captive Alpine musk deer( Moschus sifanicus) at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm

马麝(Moschus sifanicus)分布于我国青藏高原及周边区域,雄麝可分泌麝香。因历史上的过度利用及生境丧失等原因,马麝已极度濒危。马麝驯养是保育野生马麝资源及可持续生产麝香的有效方式。我国于1990年在甘肃兴隆山保护区开始马麝驯养,并于1996年实现了可持续的活体取香。分析了兴隆山麝场1996—2006年间的麝香生产及与泌香雄麝种群增长和种群结构的关系,结果表明:兴隆山麝场11a间共取香430头次,麝香总产量达3846.6 g,年均麝香产量为(349.69±84.69)g(n=11)。泌香雄麝的种群数与麝香年产量存在极显著的相关(R=0.638,P<0.01),增长模型y=e(6.4285-3.6578/t)(R2=0.735,df=9,F=24.94,P=0.001<0.01)和y=e(4.2049-3.4523/t)(R2=0.700,df=9,F=21.02,P=0.001<0.01)可分别模拟该麝场的麝香年产量及泌香雄麝种群的增长。泌香雄麝的平均泌香量为(8.93±0.56)g/头(n=68),各年度的雄麝平均泌香量与麝香年产量相关极显著(R=0.442,P<0.01),其增长模式呈指数式增长(y=7.5126e0.0244t)(R2=0.373,df=9,F=5.36,P=0.046<0.05)。各年龄组雄麝间的平均泌香量差异显著(ANOVA,F7,59=2.522,P=0.024<0.05),1.5岁马麝的泌香(2.00±1.82)g,(n=10)显著高于其他各年龄组马麝(P<0.05),其余年龄组间的平均泌香量无显著差异(P>0.05)。雄麝的年龄组与麝香年产量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.936,P=0.001<0.01),1.5—6.5岁雄麝占种群比例91.16%,生产麝香(3560.1g)占总产量的92.55%。以麝香生产为主的麝场,其驯养雄麝种群配置应以6.5岁龄以下雄麝为主。

Alpine musk deer （Moschus spp.）is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and its associated areas. The adult male alpine musk deer secretes musk, which has been used wildly in traditional medicine and perfume industry. The alpine musk deer has been endangered due to the historic overwhelming utilization, poaching, and habitat loss. The musk deer farming initiated in 1990 at the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve with the aim to conserve wild musk deer populations. Later on, Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm （XMDF）was established in 1996 for sustainable harvest of musk from the live musk deer. Our study analyzed the musk production pattern from 1996 to 2006 and its relationship with the population dynamics and age structure of musk deer on the XMDF in China. The results showed that musk extraction was performed 430 times from 149 individuals in the last 11 years, and a total of 3846.6 g of musk was produced （annually （349.69±84.69） g）. Significant correlation existed between the annual musk production and the male musk deer population （R=0.638, P〈0.01）. The S models of y=e^（6.4285-3.6578/t） （R^2=0.735, df=9, F=24.94, P=0.001〈 0.01）and y=e^（4.2049-3.4523/t） （R^2 = 0.700, df=9, F=21.02, P=0.001〈 0.01）fitted the increasing pattern of the annual musk production and male musk deer population, respectively. The total average musk production of musk deer was （8.93±0.56） g （n=68）, and the yearly average musk production was correlated to the annual musk production （R=0.442, P〈0.01）. Moreover, the increasing mode of the average musk production was exponential （y=7.5126e^0.0244t）. Male musk deer, 1.5 years old, secreted significantly more musk （（2.00±1.82） g）than deer of other age （P〈0.05）; however, our result suggested that farmed males less than 6.5 years old produced more musk than older deer, and after this age musk production gradually decreased. Furthermore, the age of males was significantly negatively correlated to the annual musk production （R=-0.936, P=0.001〈 0.01）. The males aged from 1.5 to 6.5 years comprised 91.16% of the population and produced 3560.1 g of musk, which accounted for 92.55% of the total musk produced. Therefore, in order to produce more musk, farmed males should be younger than 6.5 years.