从一信一批注看毛泽东学生时期的哲学求索

On the Philosophical Pursuit of Student Mao Zedong from One Letter and One Postil

在《毛泽东早期文稿》中,《致黎锦熙信》(1917年8月)和《<伦理学原理>批注》集中探讨了哲学伦理学问题,反映了他学生时期思想求索的最高成果。前文主张从哲学伦理学入手,求得大本大源,以从根本上变换人心,达到改造中国社会的目的。他的大本大源思想来源于宋明理学,客观唯心主义在其中居于主导地位,但在现实倾向性上它却有革命的意义。后文全面展示了他研究哲学伦理学的实际成果。其成果证明,他已放弃了探求大本大源的主张,转而在其个人主义和现实主义的基础上,构建了一个庞杂的以主观唯心主义为主,兼有心物二元论观点和唯物论见解,并富有辩证思想的哲学思想体系。它在政治思想上体现为主张个性解放和再造中国。它表明了毛泽东自我意识的觉醒和担当意识的极大提升。他从一信到一批注期间所发生的思想变化,反映了他思想认识中稳定与不稳定的内在矛盾,这一矛盾为他后来在五四时期的思想转变提供了内在的可能性。

In Mao Zedong＇s Early Manuscripts,＂tbe Letter to Li Jinxi＂ （Aug, 1917） and ＂the Annotations and Commentaries of Ethics Principle＂ explored into the philosophical and ethnical questions, which reflected his toppest achievement in the pursuit of thoughts in student period. The former proposed to seek for the fundamental origin and change human mind from philosophical ethnics to transform Chinese society. His thought of fundamental origin comes from the philosophy in Song and Ming Dynasties, in which objective idealism was in a dominant position. But in realistic tendency, it has revolutionary significance. The latter reveals his results in the research of philosophical ethnics, which shows that he had given up the thought of fundamental origin and began to establish a philosophical system of materialist idea based on both subjective idealism and dualism as well as the dialectical thought. In political thoughts, it is embodied in the idea of individual liberation and reconstruction of China. It shows the awakening of his individuality and the improvement of his sense of responsibility. His changes in thoughts from the letter to the postil reflected the inner contradiction between the stable and instable factors, which makes it possible for his mental transformation during the May 4th Movement.