战后德国高等学校的分类与分层

Classification and Stratification of Institutions of Higher Learning in Germany after the World War Ⅱ

以"二战"结束后至今德国高等教育体系的演变作为观察点,对其高等学校的分类与分层做一个简单的历史的梳理和分析。战后至今,联邦德国高等教育发展的分水岭出现在20世纪90年代中后期,在此之前德国高等教育最显著的特征是进入大众化阶段,高等教育系统扩大,可以说是德国高等教育向下均衡的一个阶段;而90年代中后期,德国开始进行大学评估与排名,2005年实施的"卓越计划",更是将其高等教育向上拉升。总体来说,德国高等教育的发展遵循的是从均质走向分化,从平等发展到追求卓越的一个过程。

Based on the evolution of higher education system in Germany from the end of the World War Ⅱ till today,this paper makes a brief overview and analysis of the classification and stratification of its institutions of higher learning according to the developing phases.During this period,the development of the higher education of the Federal Republic of Germany was divided into two phases by the mid and late 1990 s.In the first half of 1990 s,the higher education of Germany showed its distinguished features with popularization and expansion,which can be said as entering into a quantity-oriented stage.When coming into the mid and late 1990 s,however,Germany started assessing and ranking universities and colleges,and implemented the Excellence Programme in2005 which highlighted quality.In a word,the higher education of Germany takes a course from homogeneity to heterogeneity,and from developing fairly to striving for prominence.