名与实:格尔必齐河位置之争的起源

The Origin of the Dispute on Gorbitsa River's Location

关于康熙年间中俄《尼布楚条约》议定界河格尔必齐河的位置,学界一直存在两种不同的观点,国内学者一般认为今东经119°10',北纬35°08'的格尔必齐河就是当年的界河,而国外有些学者则认为是其东边的阿玛扎尔河(在清代曾被称为大格尔必齐河)。本文从分析大量的清代有关界河格尔必齐河的舆图和文献资料入手,爬梳两种界河位置观点的资料依据及起源,认为外国传教士负责绘制的《皇舆全览图》错误地把格尔必齐河标注在大格尔必齐河的东边,之后清代编纂的大量舆图、文献甚至西方介绍中国疆域的书籍不加考辨地沿袭传抄,这成为误解界河格尔必齐河位置的资料基础。格尔必齐河位置之争,揭示了清代舆图文献编纂过程中沿袭传抄的弊病,只有不断追溯资料的原始来源,辨别原始资料的正误,才能从根本上还原历史真相。

There are two different views between China and Russia that was on the location of Gorbitsa River, which forms part of the boundary agreed to in the Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689. Chinese scholars generally believe that the Gorbitsa River （119 °10＇E, 35° 08＇N） was the old border, but some foreign scholars hold that today＇ s Amazar river, which is east of the present-day Gorbitsa River, was the old Gorbitsa River. This paper sorts out these two views＇ and data biases and their original dates. It is noteworthy that although the records on Gorbitsa River were quite different, whether west or east of the great Gorbitsa River, the records on boundary tablets were the same. The tablet was always near the west river. It turns out that the boundary river agreed on in the Treaty of Nerchinsk was the western one, and this river was called Gorbitsa River in the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Jesuits, mistakenly marked the Gorbitsa River on Huang Yuquan Lantu, which was drawn by foreign east of the great Gorbitsa River. Yet, because of its authority, a large number of subsequent maps and literature, even Western literature about China, perpetuated this mistake. These erroneous maps and literature became the source of misunderstanding for the location of the Gorbitsa River. By the dispute of the Gorbitsa River＇ s location, this paper reveals the shortcomings of private copying of Qing Dynasty maps and literature, and demonstrates that only by tracing back the original sources and identifying the original data, we can restore the fundamental historical truth.