1DeFrances C J, Lucas CA, Buie VC, et al. 2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey [ J ]. Natl Health Stat Reports, 2008, 30(5) : 1-20.
2Papachristou GI, Clermont G, Sharma A, et al. Risk and markers of severe acute pancreatitis[ J]. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 2007, 36 (2) : 277-296.
3Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis[ J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(9) : 1400-1415.
4Bockman DE. An introduction to surgical anatomy and neumanaomy// Beger HG, Warshaw AL, Buchler MW, ed. The Pancreas[ M]. Malden(MA) : Blackwell Science, 1998 : 11-18.
5Cuthbertson CM, Christophi C. Disturbances of the microcirculation in acute pancreatitis [ J ]. Br J Surg, 2006, 93 (5) : 518-530.
6Mikami Y, Takeda K, Murakami T, et al. Vascular anatomy of the pancreas//Pour P, ed. Toxicology of the pancreas[ M1. Boca Raton : Taylor & Friends, 2006:75-89.
7Pandol S J, Saluja AK, Imrie CW, et al. Acute pancreatitis: bench to the bedside [ J]. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132 (3) : 1127-1151.
8Foitzik T, Eibl G, Buhr HJ. Therapy for microcirculatory disorders in severe acute pancreatitis: comparison of delayed therapy with ICAM-1 antibodies and a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist [ J ]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2000, 4 ( 3 ) : 240- 247.
9Warndorf MG, Kurtzman JT, Barrel MJ, et al. Early fluid resuscitation reduces morbidity among patients with acute pancreatitis [ J ]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011,9 ( 8 ) : 705- 709.
10Gardner TB, Vege SS, Chari ST, et ah Faster rate of initial fluid resuscitation in severe acute pancreatitis diminishes in-hospital mortality [ J ]. Pancreatology, 2010, 9 (6) : 770-776.
2Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al.Early goal-directed thera- py in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock [J]. N Engl J Med, 2001,345(19):1368-1377.
