明代渐进式“改流”浅议——以西北洮、岷一带为例

A Brief Analysis of Gradual Reform on Hereditary Office System in the Ethnic Minority Areas in the Ming Dynasty——Taking Taozhou and Minzhou Area as an Example

明代西北地区的卫所官也是世袭的,尽管学术界对他们是否可称为土司有一定的争议,但他们与西南地区的土司拥有类似的权力和义务,是没有疑议的。明初在西北撤郡县,置军卫,其后又恢复设立郡县,表明明廷并未放弃对边疆地区实行流官统治的打算,只是这一过程是渐进式的,逐渐压缩世袭土官的权力。明政府在西北地区的改流措施,大体上可以反映明廷对土司地区的基本态度。

The officer positions of Weisuo（卫所） in the northwest territories were hereditary in the early Ming dynasty. There is a controversy about whether these officers could be called Tusi（土司） in academia, but all of scholars believe that these officers had similar powers and obligations with Tusi in the southwest areas. In the middle of the Ming dynasty, the Ming government withdrew some Weisuo, at the same time, established some administrative institution,such as taozhou. This change indicated that the Ming government didn＇t give up direct rule in the frontier area. Through gradually reducing the power of the hereditary officers, the Ming government realized the purpose of gradual reform. Such reforms could largely reflect the basic attitude of Ming government to Tusi system.