多尺度空间下害虫生态调控理论与应用

Ecologically Based Pest Management at Multiple Spatial Scales

不同尺度空间下农田生态系统具有不同的生境斑块组成结构,尺度性也是生态系统的重要特征之一.近年来,北美和欧洲等地区用农田生境管理与区域性景观设计相结合的研究方法实施多尺度空间下害虫生态调控,实现复合生态系统服务.其核心思想是以大区域景观设计和农田作物布局与农事管理的有机结合,通过农业景观格局的空间配置,调节种植模式、管理技术、乃至改变农业景观格局的空间配置等以切断害虫种群的生活史,建立和恢复天敌种群库与转移通道,从而最大程度地提高农业生态系统自身的控害功能.近年来,北美和欧洲对多尺度空间下农业复合生态系统服务功能都做了大量工作,尤其是田间尺度与景观尺度相结合的研究方法更是当前生境管理研究的重要内容.本文总结了多尺度空间下生态系统环境条件与天敌种群间的作用机制及假说,包括田间尺度上主要通过轮作与间套作、覆盖作物、减免耕及发展有机农业等方式提高天敌种群,景观尺度上通过生境斑块的空间配置来改变植物资源布局,最终提高天敌的控害作用.以期为深入地解析景观格局及复杂性对生物多样性的影响,揭示农业景观变化对昆虫种间关系的作用机制,在实践上为利用农田景观格局控制害虫种群发生提供新的途径与方法.

Patch composition structure and landscape pattern at different spatial scales have great variation. Scale effect is also an important characteristics in agricultural landscape. In recent years, both agricultural management within field and landscape modification at landscale scale were used to achieve ecologically based pest management and ecosystem services. Ecologically based pest management should be conducted at multiple spatial scales, especially the combination of farming activities at local scale and patch pattern at landscape scale. Optimization of planting pattern and agricultural management at local scale and landscape modification at landscape scale should be considered together, which could cut off the life history of agricultural and recover the population of natural enemy. Then, the agroecosystem health and biological control service was enhanced at most extent. We also summarized the mechanism and hypothesis between environmental conditions and biological control in agroecosystem. At local scale, rotation, cover crop, no-tillage, and organic management could be used to enhance crop health and biocontrol service, which were also improved by the rearrangements of habitat patches and plant resource at landscape scale. Additionally, habitat management should be conducted at multiple spatial scales. The landscape characteristics at different spatial scales have varied effects on insects due to the species specific. In recent years, great progress has been obtained through landscape design in the USA and Europe. The varied responses of different species to spatial scales may be important unexplored fields in pest sustainable management. The research landscape pattern and biodiversity can reveal the interspecific relationship and mechanism in theory, which can provide new approaches and methods to control insect pests by landscape design in practice.