论元结构视角下的上古汉语状态类音变构词

The State Sound-change Words in the Perspective of Argument Structure in Archaic Chinese

上古汉语借助语音屈折所表示的完成体范畴有两种发展路径:一是侧重描述动作行为或变化完成后形成的状态,以清浊交替为主要构形手段,如"折章入/折禅入";一是侧重指称动作行为或变化完成后产生的结果即新出现的事物,以变读去声为主要形态标记,如"过见平/过见去"。两者的语法形式和发展路径各异,我们将前者称为"状态"类音变构词。从论元结构看,该类构词中,派生词变读浊辅音,指派主事格。其语音、语义、句法三个层面的配合关系为:源词在语义层面指派施事格、受事格,分别实现为句法层面的主语、宾语,语音层面为清辅音、无标记;派生词在语义层面指派主事格,实现为句法层面的主语,语音层面变读浊辅音,有标记。

There are two development paths in complete category that was indicated by using voice inflection in archaic Chinese period. One focuses on the state after the action or change, which takes the alternatives between voiceless and voiced as the main configuration means, such as ＂zhe/ she＂ （折 /折） period. The other lays emphasis on results or new things and takes ＂qusheng＂ （去声） as the main morphological marker. The pair ＂guō/guò＂ （过/过） is one of the examples. Both the grammatical forms and the development paths are different from each other. We call the former ＂state sound-change word＂, in which, the derivative from voiceless consonant to voiced consonant will as- signs theme. The interactive relations among sound, meaning and sentence structure are as follows： the source word assigns Agent and Patient at the semantic level, and the above-mentioned two for consonants without markers implement respectively as the syntactic subject and object. While the derivative that takes voiced as a marker assigns theme and becomes suhject.