广州市2012至2014年典型工业企业职业病危害哨点监测动态研究

A dynamic study of sentinel surveillance for occupational hazard in typical industrial enterprises in Guangzhou, China, from 2012 to 2014

目的通过哨点监测的方法对广州市典型工业企业进行职业病危害的抽检和调查，掌握广州市职业病危害因素的种类、分布和浓度或强度以及职业卫生管理的特征和动态，为职业卫生监管工作提供科学依据。方法选择广州市IT制造、船舶修造、化工、皮革箱包制鞋、汽车修配行业等15家企业为监测对象，对其工作场所职业病危害因素检测情况和职业卫生管理状况进行动态监测。结果2012至2014年15家哨点企业职业病危害因素总超标率为6．16％（45/731），3年间的超标率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），3年均以船舶修造行业的超标率最高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；职业卫生管理状况问卷调查结果显示，调查条目总符合率为57．88％（393／679），2012、2013和2014年符合率较低的行业分别为IT制造（47．62％）、皮革箱包制鞋（40．63％）和IT制造行业（29．63％），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论船舶修造行业是广州市职业病危害防控重点行业，加强小微型企业的职业卫生监管工作，持续性开展重点行业职业病危害哨点监测是广州市工作场所职业卫生状况监管的重要措施。

Objective To perform a sampling survey of occupational hazard in typical industrial enterprises in Guangzhou, China, by means of sentinel surveillance, to understand the classification, distribution, and concentration/intensity of occupational hazard as well as the characteristics and development of occupational health management in Guangzhou, and to provide a scientific basis for occupational health supervision. Methods Fifteen enterprises in information technology （IT）, shipbuilding, chemical, leather and footwear, and auto repair industries were enrolled as subjects. Dynamic surveillance for occupational hazard and occupational health management was performed in workplaces of those enterprises. Results The overall overproof rate of occupational hazard in the 15 sentinel enterprises from 2012 to 2014 was 6.16% （45/731）. There was no significant difference in the overproof rate between the three years （P〉0.05）. During the three years, enterprises in shipbuilding industry had significant higher overproof rates than those in other industries （P〈0.05）. According to the results of occupational health management questionnaire, the overall coincidence rate of survey items was 57.88% （393/679）; enterprises in IT industry had significant lower coincidence rates than those in other industries in 2012 and 2014 （47.62%, 29.63%; P〈0.05 ）, while enterprises in leather and footwear industry had significant lower coincidence rates than those in other industries in 2013 （40.63%; P〈 0.05 ）. Conclusion The enterprises in shipbuilding industry are the key to the prevention and control of occupational hazard in Guangzhou. To strengthen surveillance for occupational heahh in workplaces in Guangzhou, it is important to enhance occupation health supervision among small and micro enterprises and develop continuous sentinel surveillance for occupational hazard in key industries.