构式语法理论下的英汉被动构式对比研究

Cognitive Contrast Between English and Chinese Passive Constructions

基于人类的认知共性,英汉被动构式在总体上表现出一些共性,然而在具体的演变过程、句式结构和语义方面也呈现出一定的差异。从英汉被动构式的演化过程、句式分析、理想化认知模型和语义限制这四个方面对英汉被动构式进行系统性的对比,研究表明:英汉被动构式"NP1(受事)+be+V-ed+by+NP2(施事)"和"名词词组1(受事)+被+名词词组2(施事)+及物动词"可以高度抽象化为"名词短语1(受事)+谓语动词";英语和汉语在被动句的要求上基本一致,但在汉语中,被动句可表示强烈的感情色彩和遭受意义,而英语的被动句则不行。英汉被动构式在理想化认知模型的构成以及语义限制条件方面存在差异。

Because of the similarity of human cognition, both English and Chinese passive constructions show the universal aspects, but there also exist differences in sub-systems and corresponding words. This paper makes a cognitive contrast between English and Chinese passive constructions from four aspects ： evolution, syntactic structure, ICM, and semantic restrictions. Stud- ies show that the English passive construction of ＂NP1 （the patient） ＋ be ＋ V-ed ＋ by ＋ NP2 （the agent）＂ and the Chinese passive construction of ＂NP1 （the patient） ＋‘被＇ ＋ NP2 （the agent） ＋ transitive verb＂ can be abstracted into ＂NP1 （the patient） ＋ predicate verb＂. Although requirements for English and Chinese passive constructions are basically the same, passive voice in Chinese is capable of expressing strong emotions and such layer of meaning as ＂be subjected to＂, whereas passive voice in English is not. Differences are identified between English and Chinese passive constructions in ICM and semantic restrictions.