环境规制对异质性劳动力就业的影响——基于省级动态面板数据的分析

Effects of Environmental Regulation on Heterogeneous Labors' Employment:An Analysis Based on Provincial Dynamic Panel Data

近年来随着我国环境规制力度的不断强化,如何兼顾环境规制与就业稳步增长已成为理论研究者与决策者共同关注的问题。本文借鉴了AK模型中引入环境污染强度的方法,将环境污染强度作为环境要素引入C-D函数,通过生产者均衡条件推导出就业的影响因素模型,并运用我国1995-2012年省级动态面板数据实证检验了加强环境规制对劳动力就业的影响,最后基于劳动力收入、受教育程度异质性视角考察了环境规制影响劳动力就业的差异性。研究发现:环境规制与我国就业之间的关系并不冲突。总体来看,环境规制与我国就业之间存在U型曲线的动态关系,即呈现先抑制后促进的作用;从不同劳动力收入水平地区来看,高收入地区环境规制对就业的影响表现为先抑制后促进的作用,中等收入地区环境规制的就业效应不显著,低收入地区环境规制会明显促进就业增长,造成这一现象的原因与不同收入水平地区的产业结构差异有关;从不同劳动力受教育程度地区来看,高教育和中等教育程度地区环境规制的就业效应呈现先抑制后增长的作用,低教育程度地区环境规制对就业产生显著的正面效应,造成这一差异的原因与受规制企业和不同受教育程度劳动力的匹配程度有关。本文认为,我国政府应切实提高环境规制力度,避免出现财政分权下地方政府竞争导致的环境规制软化现象,同时,地方政府在制定环境政策时应体现差异性:高收入水平地区和高教育程度地区可实施较高水平的环境规制力度,充分发挥环境规制高成本对该地区就业增长的积极效应;中低收入水平地区关键应促进产业结构的调整与升级,适度提高第三产业产值占GDP的比重;中低教育程度地区应扩大环境领域教育投入,并通过构建产学研用平台以避免环境技术成果与市场需求的脱节,有效促进环境技术成果的市场转化率。

In recent years, as the environmental regulation intensity is increasing in China, how to reconcile environmental regulation and sustainable employment growth has become the common focus of theoretical researchers and policymakers. According to the method of introducing environmental pollution intensity into the AK model, this paper introduces environmental pollution intensity as environmental factor into C - D function, then seeks the factors that determine the labor＇ s employment and deduces the equation modeling from producer equilibrium condition for data analysis, and uses 1995 -2012 provincial dynamic panel date to conduct an empirical research about the effects of environmental regulation intensity on labor＇ s employment, and at last this paper tests the disparity of environmental regulation intensity on labor＇ s employment based on the perspective of labor revenue and educational background heterogeneity. The findings are： the relationship between environmental regulation and employment is not in conflict in China. As a whole, the employment follows a U -shaped pattern related to environmental regulation in our country, which means the employment with the increase of environmental pollution intensity will be improved after the deterioration in the initial stage. As far as different labor income areas are concerned, the employment of high income areas with the increase of environmental pollution intensity will be improved after the deterioration in the initial stage, and the effect of environmental regulation on employment is not significant in middle income areas, and environmental regulation could evidently improve the employment growth in low income areas. The reason for this phenomenon is related to the industrial structure specialization in different income areas. As far as different education level areas are concerned, the employment of high and middle education level areas with the increase of environmental pollution intensity will be improved after the deterioration in the initial stage, and environmental regulation has obvious positive effects on employment in low education level areas. The reason for the difference is relevant to the fitting degree of the enterprises under regulatory constraint to the labor with different educational background. This paper points out that our government should practically increase environmental regulation intensity, and avoid the phenomenon of soft environmental regulation caused by local government competition under the fiscal decentralization system, meanwhile, our local government should make different environmental policy in different areas. Governments in areas at high income and high education level could make relatively higher environmental regulation intensity in order to give full play to the active effect of the high cost of environmental regulation on employment growth. Governments in areas with middle and low income should make efforts to enhance the industrial structure＇ s adjustment and upgrade, and increase the ratio of tertiary industry in GDP appropriately. Governments at middle and low education level should enlarge the educational expenditure, and avoid the discrepancy of environmental technology achievement and market demand through constructing ＂ industry-education-research- application＂ platform, and effectively improve the market conversion rate of environmental technology achievement.