《国家学生体质健康标准》测评的公平性与有效性——基于美国“高利害测验项目”的启示

A study of the fairness and effectiveness of evaluation by National Student Physical Health Standard ——Based on inspirations from American High Stakes Test Items

在我国,《国家学生体质健康标准》测试正扮演着"高利害测验项目"的角色。国家,各级教育、体育行政部门,学校,校长,教师,学生等作为测试的利害相关者,其利害性却不一致。从利害所指对象与利害性来看,测试结果对于学生本人而言是"个体的利害",表现为"无关紧要";对于学校、校长、教师而言是"团体的利害",表现为"隔靴挠痒";而对于国家、社会而言则是"社会的利害",测试结果对国家、社会而言意义重大,其利害性也最为重要。当前,测试仍存在公平性与有效性问题。其公平性问题主要表现在"以形式的平等掩盖了事实上的不平等"以及以教育结果公平表征教育公平等两个方面。测试的有效性问题则主要表现为测试分数的可信度、测试者的内部信度、测量工具与测量结果之间的可信度问题。

In China, the testing by National Student Physical Health Standard is playing the role of ＂High Stakes Test Items＂. The nature of interests of the state, education and sport administration department at various levels, schools, school principals, teachers and students as interest related parties in the testing, is inconsistent. From the perspective of objects targeted by interests and nature of interests, as for a student, the test results are ＂individual interests＂, showing the ＂insignificant＂ nature of interests; as for a school, a school principal or a teacher, the test results are ＂collective in- terests＂, showing the ＂remotely relevant＂ nature of interests; as for the state or society, the test results are ＂social inter- ests＂, significant for the state and society, their nature of interests is the most important. There are still some fairness and effectiveness problems with the testing right now. Fairness problems with the testing mainly show in two aspects： formal equality covers up factual inequality; education result fairness represents education fairness. Effectiveness prob- lems with the testing mainly show in such problems as test score credibility, tester internal credibility, credibility be- tween measurement tools and measurement results.