从阜新辽塔寺遗存管窥契丹人的宗教信仰

Observation of Khitan People' s Religious Beliefs from the Remains of Fuxin Liao Tower Temple

契丹民族最早信奉原始的萨满教,并充斥其社会生活的各个方面,根植于契丹民族下层民众的社会生活中。随着契丹社会的进步,阶级结构的变化及王权和封建关系的发展,宗教信仰也就相应的发生了变化。纵观辽朝统治二百多年的历史,虽然儒、佛、道三教并行,但佛教总是占据上风。佛教适应了统治阶级的需要而逐渐获得了主导地位。契丹贵族极力推崇佛教,并随州城的建立,根据辽代州城、塔、寺一体建筑特点,众多塔寺建筑也应运而生,并具有一定的建筑风格与特点。辽契丹在阜新境内营建了塔寺近十余处,从一个侧面反映了阜新地区契丹佛教文化的鼎盛与流行;从中可窥得辽代宗教文化信仰演变的缩影及辽代契丹民族与之相应的生活方式、风俗礼仪和多样的宗教观念。

At first, the Khitans believed in primitive Shamanism, which filled all aspects of the social life and rooted in the lower classes of the Khitans. With the progress of the Khitans＆#39; society, the class structure changed, as well as, crown and feudal relationships developed, religious believe also converted correspondingly. Through 200-years history of Liao Dynasty, Buddhism always prevailed though Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism existed at the same time, because it adapted to the needs of the ruling class and gradually gained a dominant position. The Khitans nobles highly respected Buddhis. And with the establishment of city, numerous pagoda-temples with particular features and characteristics had been built, based on the mix-feature of the city, temple and pagoda at that time. The Khitans built more than ten pagoda-temples in Fuxin area, which demonstrates the prevalence of the Khitans Buddhism culture, and from which people can find the epitome of religious and cultural beliefs evolvement, and lifestyle, customs and rituals, and a variety of religious ideas of the Khitans.