云南省某县不同农业生产模式对农药使用行为的影响

Infl uence of Different Agricultural Production Modes on Behaviors of Pesticide Using in a County of Yunnan Province

[目的]了解种植基地生产模式下的农业工人和单家独户生产模式下的农户使用农药时采取自我防护措施的情况、农药废弃包装的处理等行为,为制定农业生产安全政策和措施提供科学依据。[方法]2014年1月在云南省元谋县,选取15个大型农业种植基地以及6个自然村。采用简单随机抽样的方法,抽取有农药使用行为的298位农业工人和424位农户作为调查对象,进行面对面询问式问卷调查。[结果]83.45%的农户在农药使用前混配农药由本人或其家庭成员完成;在种植基地中主要由农业技术员(48.81%)、基地老板(22.71%)负责混配农药。农药包装和废弃物处理方面,45.32%的农户主要为随手丢弃到农田或河流;种植基地101位接受调查的农业工人报告农药包装和废弃物由专人负责收集和处置。关于使用农药时进行自我防护的措施,种植基地25.25%的农业工人报告从不佩戴口罩,而52.76%的农户报告自己从不佩戴口罩,两组佩戴频率差异具有统计学意义(Z=-7.965,P<0.001)。使用农药时佩戴橡胶手套的频率,35.35%的农业工人报告从不佩戴,而87.77%的农户报告自己从不佩戴,两组佩戴频率差异具有统计学意义(Z=-14.016,P<0.001)。[结论]种植基地在农药的混配、农药废弃包装物的处理方面更倾向于由受过专业教育或培训的人员操作,农业工人也比农户更多地采取防护措施,提示种植基地的生产模式有利于农药的安全、合理使用。

[ Objective ] To study the behaviors of pesticide using between agricultural workers in plantations and individual farmers in household farms, including self-protection measures and pesticide packages disposal, and to provide scientific evidence for making agricultural production safety policies and measures. [ Methods ] In January 2014, six villages and fifteen large-scale plantations were selected in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province. By simple random sampling method, 298 agricultural workers and 424 individual farmers with behaviors of pesticide using were surveyed by questionnaire interview in a face-to-face manner. [ Results ] Of the individual farmers, 83.45% prepared and mixed pesticides by themselves or family members; while in large-scale plantations, this work was done by agricultural technicians （48.81%） or plantation owners （22.71%）. For the disposal of pesticide packages and waste, 45.32% of the individual farmers dumped packages and waste in farming fields or rivers; while in the large-scale plantations, 101 surveyed agricultural workers reported that the packages and waste were collected and disposed by assigned workers. As for the self-protection measures when using pesticides, 25.25% of the agricultural workers in the large plantations and 52.76% of the individual farmers reported that they never worn masks （Z=-7.965, P〈0.001）; 35.35% of the agricultural workers and 87.77% of the individual farmers never worn rubber gloves （Z=-14.016, P〈0.001）. [ Conclusion ] Pesticide mixing and package disposal are more likely to be managed by trained or professional workers in large-scale plantations than in household farms. Higher proportions of workers in the plantations apply self-protection measures than individual farmers. T.his implies that pesticide using in plantations is more reasonable and safer for both workers and environment than that in household farms.