精神分析与马克思主义的意识形态批判理论

Psychoanalysis and Critique of Ideology

人们对意识形态的概念有多种理解,其中最有影响的三种理解分别是:把它理解为不符合现实的"虚假意识";把它理解为服务于统治秩序的合法化模式;把它理解为一般意义上的意义和主体的生产。无论意识形态以何种形式出现,都有一个共同的特征,这就是把历史地形成的观念和制度自然化。拉康虽没有使用意识形态批判之类的概念,但他的精神分析理论可以转换成意识形态批判理论。拉康认为"自我是他者",人类的一切经验和表达不是源于自我,而是植根于先于主体而存在的无意识语言结构。自我或主体从根本上说是分裂的,为了弥合这一分裂,人们不得不一再地被迫投入到误认之中,这些误认构成了原型意义上的意识形态。在这一过程中,想象认同产生于对镜像中自我的完满形象的误认,象征认同产生于对象征秩序中主体作用的误认,而实在界的创伤和裂痕既是意识形态产生的根源,也是抵制意识形态自然化最终实现的障碍。精神分析通过揭示自我误解的必然性和自我认同自然化的不可能性,以特殊的方式为意识形态理论和意识形态批判作出了贡献。

Of all the definitions of ideology,there are only three widely accepted ones:as false ideas with little relation to the reality,as mode of legitimization that helps maintain the ruling order,or as the production of meaning and subjects in their general sense.Whatever the definitions are,they all share one commonality:the naturalization of those historically-formed ideas and institutions.The critique of ideology also can be defined as a de-naturalization of false-naturalization of ideology.Jacque Lacan's theory,without any reference to such conceptions as ideology and ideology critique though,can be treated as a critique theory of ideology.With his thesis of'Ego is the other',he tries to prove that none of human experiences and expressions originates from our egos,but from an aprior unconscious structure of language.The ego or subject is fundamentally seperated,and to restore the integrity of one's self-identity,human beings get themselves into misunderstandings one after another,thus resulting in a prototype of ideology.An imaginary self-identity is but a mistakenly recognized perfect image of one's mirror-self,while symbolic self-identity is a misunderstanding of the role of ego in the symbolic order.Resulting in ideology,the disintegrated of the real will be the ultimate obstacle to the naturalization of ideology.The psychoanalysis is endowed with the role of enlightenment by revealing the secrete of ideological illusion and its ineradicability.