汉礼与胡风糅合的北周乐府

Yue-Fu(Music Conservatory) of the Northern Zhou Dynasty:A Mixture of the Rituals of the Han Nationality and Style of the Hu People

北周的建立者宇文泰仿效周礼,建立了以传统汉礼为主杂以胡风的礼仪制度。音乐体制方面,北周依托南朝雅乐融入胡声、旧曲,建立起宫廷音乐,并仿效周制,以乐配礼,同时沿袭魏制建立了乐署乐官。为礼乐制度服务,乐府诗多宫廷诗,尤其多郊庙歌辞,少文人言志诗,缺乏乐府民歌。礼乐制度建设带动了文人乐府诗创作。由于民族交流频繁促进了各地域、各民族音乐的传播和相互融合,北周统一北方期间,北狄乐、西域音乐、外国音乐、中原旧乐、南朝音乐、鼓吹曲、杂曲音乐等实现了初步融合,为隋代七部乐的建立奠定了基础。特别是这一时期的龟兹乐,在北周完成了新、旧乐的融合以后,到隋唐发展为宫廷七部乐、十部乐等,可以说对后世雅乐、俗乐和戏剧音乐均产生了深远影响。

Imitating the rite of Zhou,Yu Wentai,the founder of the Northern Zhou Dynasty,set up a rite system that mainly based on the traditional rite of the Han nationality and mixed with the style of the Hu people.As for music system,relying on the Ya-Yue(elegant music) of the Southern Zhou Dynasty and blending the sound of the Hu people as well as old melody,the Northern Zhou Dynasty set up its court music and matched rite with music following the system of the Zhou Dynasty,as the same time it established music office and music officials following the system of the Northern Wei Dynasty.To serve the ritual and musical system,most of Yue-Fu poetry are court poems,especially melodies and lyrics for ritual practices,literary poem was seldom seen and Yue-Fu folk song was absent.The construction of ritual and musical system drove the creation of literary Yue-Fu poetry.Frequent inter-ethnic communication promoted the spread and mutual integration of the music from different regions and nationalities.During the period when the northern China was unified by the Northern Zhou Dynasty,music from the Northern Di people,the Western Regions and foreign states,old music of the Central Plain,music of the Southern Dynasty,ensemble drum tunes and Za-Qu(miscellaneous tunes) realized initial integration and laid the foundation for the establishment of the music of seven divisions of the Sui Dynasty.In particular,the Qiuci-Yue(Kuchean music) of this period completed the integration of the old and new tunes in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and developed into the court music of seven divisions and ten divisions during the Sui and Tang dynasties,exerted a profound and lasting influence on later Ya-Yue(elegant music),Su-Yue(popular music) and drama music.