起诉程序的理论基础与制度前景

The Theoretical Foundation and Institutional Future of Docketing Procedure

为解决"立案难"并保障当事人诉权,十八届四中全会提出以立案登记制取代立案审查制。民事诉讼是一个按阶段循序渐进的过程,其中既要考虑当事人与法官的权限配置关系,又要考虑诉的评价位阶原理。就权限配置而言,起诉程序大致可以分为登记簿制、事前审查制与期日制三种,其中期日制为大陆法系通用模型;根据诉的评价位阶理论,起诉制度之本质在于法官如何评价诉的成立要件。在期日制下,起诉由法院审查诉状之必要记载事项和有效送达诉状组成。若必要记载事项有所欠缺,立案庭得命令当事人补正、驳回诉状甚至裁定不予受理。藉此,法院与原告之间的关系由案件受理简化为诉状审查。从法系意识立场考察,我国民事起诉程序应当向着期日制方向发展。

In order to eliminate the obstruction on docketing case and protect the litigation rights of parties, the 4th plenary session of 18th CPC Central Committee raises the case registration system to re- place the case examination system as the case docketing procedure. Civil litigation is a unified proceeding that proceeds phase by phase. Therefore, the reform on docketing will not only influence the case filing procedure, but also influence the coordination of each phase of the litigation. The reform on docketing shall not only consider the power allocation between parties and the court, but also consider the evalua- tion hierarchy of claim. On the power allocation, the docketing procedure pattern of civil law system can be classified into registration pattern, pre--litigation examination pattern and trial date pattern. Among them it is the trial date pattern that becomes the common pattern applied in civil law system. According to the evaluation hierarchy of claim, the essence of docketing is how the court evaluates the docketing conditions of a claim. Under the trial date pattern, the docketing conditions of a claim consist of the nec- essary matters recorded on the complaint pleading and the effective service of the pleading. If there is a flaw on the recording of necessary matters, the docketing court shall order the plaintiff to correct such flaw, dismiss the pleading or even dismiss the docketing of the complaint. In this case, the docketing re- lation between the plaintiff and the court can be simplified from case examination to pleading examina- tion. Judging from the legal culture, the civil docketing procedure of China shall develop towards the trialdate pattern.