特别认知者的刑法归责

Criminal Imputation of Special Cognition

特别认知给日益风行的客观归责理论带来一些难题。其中有体系上的问题,如客观归责是否有主观化的嫌疑,但更多的是关于不法归责实质根据的分歧。在目的理性的归责视野下,归责不再由自然意义上的因果性和目的性决定,而取决于外部的价值和目的;利益侵害也只是归责的必要条件,社会角色才是确定不法归责的充分根据。据此,如果特别认知的危险与角色无关,对归责就没有影响,反之则可以成为归责的对象。如果特别认知与角色无关,但行为人利用特别认知伤害他人,或者基于团结义务而必须退让时,行为人仍然应当为不法结果负责。

Special cognition brings some problems to objective imputation. Some of the problems are related to the system, such as whether objective imputation is really obiective, but the problems are more about the substance of unlawful imputation. Under the teleological rationality perspective, imputation is not based on causality and purpose, but on the value and teleology. The interest is only the necessary con- dition for imputation which ultimately should be determined by social roles. If special cognition is unrelat- ed to the role, it will make no impact on the imputation. Otherwise special cognition will be the object of imputation. Moreover if the special cognition has nothing to do with the role, but the perpetrator takes the advantage of special cognition to harm others, or is restricted by the duty of solidarity, the results should be attributed to the perpetrator.