人力资本结构、相对工资与国际移民的收入分配效应

Impact of Human Capital Composition, Relative Wage and International Migration on Income Distribution

作为经济全球化的重要组成部分,国际人口迁移对于收入分配不平等的影响近年来引起越来越多的关注。本文首先在内生性人力资本框架下,构建跨期叠代增长模型分析熟练劳动力国际迁移长期中影响目标国收入分配不平等的理论机制。分析显示,外国熟练劳动力移民一方面会影响目标国当地熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力的收入差距,产生人力资本"相对收入效应",另一方面会影响目标国当地熟练劳动与非熟练劳动力的相对比重,产生人力资本"结构效应",因此国际移民活动对于目标国收入分配不平等的影响取决于人力资本"结构效应"与"相对收入效应"的净效应。然后,本文以OECD国家2000-2011年的数据为基础,运用动态面板数据模型,对国际移民活动与目标国收入分配不平等的关系进行了系统GMM检验。实证结果显示,外国移民短期中会降低目标国的收入不平等程度,长期中则会提高目标国的收入不平等程度。

With the fast development of economic globalization, the relation- ship between international migration and income inequality in host countries is ex- amined by growing literature. This paper first builds an overlapping generation model to examine how the international migration of skilled workers influences the income distribution of host countries in the context of endogenous human cap- ital. The results show the immigration of skilled workers not only affects the in- come disparity between native skilled workers and unskilled workers in host coun- tries, which is termed ＂Relative Income Effect＂ on human capital, but also af- fects the relative proportion of native skilled workers and unskilled workers in host countries, which is called ＂Composition Effect＂ on human capital. There- fore, the relationship between immigration and income inequality in host coun- tries is determined by the net effect of ＂Relative Income Effect＂ combined with ＂Composition Effect＂ . Based on OECD＇ s data over 2000- 2011, this pa- per employs the dynamic panel data model to estimate the impact of immigration on income inequality in host countries. The empirical results suggest that in the short run, foreign immigration can serve to reduce the income inequality in host countries; however, in the long run, the effects of foreign immigration on the in- come inequality in host countries are negative.