帝国之锚:英国海外军事基地的部署及其战略调整

Anchor of the Empire: UK's Overseas Military Base Deployment and Strategic Adjustment

近代以来,海外军事基地是英国维护海外利益、控制战略要道、巩固全球领袖地位和阻止其它大国谋求海权的"桥头堡",海外军事基地扩张与收缩是英国全球实力消长的标志。英国海外军事基地部署大体可分为扩张(18世纪至二战爆发)、收缩(二战结束至冷战结束)和衰弱(冷战结束以来)三个阶段。在这三个阶段,英国的海外军事基地部署依次呈"网络化""集中化"和"小型化"特征,其任务从传统作战功能向军事、民事、救灾、维和与开展公共外交等多重功能的方向演变。英国维持海外军事基地的关键因素是地缘政治主导型战略和利用海外军事基地进行军事训练。

Throughout the modern times,overseas military bases have always been a ＂bridgehead＂for the Great Britain to safeguard its overseas interests,to control strategic routes,to consolidate its position as global leader and to prevent other countries from seeking sea power. The expansion and shrinkage of its overseas military bases has been a sign of shift in its global power. British overseas military base deployment roughly falls into three phases： expansion（ from the 18 th century to the outbreak of WWII）,shrinkage（ from the end of WWII to that of The Cold War） and declination（ since the end of Cold War）. The three stages of UK＇s overseas military base deployment in turn took on the features of＂networking＂,＂centralization＂and＂miniaturization＂,and its tasks have shifted from traditional combat capabilities to multi-fold functions covering military and civil missions,disaster relief,peacekeeping and public diplomacy. Geopolitics-oriented strategy and overseas bases used for military training are the key factors affecting the deployment of British overseas military bases.