“学案”研究与文学理论的新突破——论童庆炳晚期的文艺思想

“Case” Study and the New Breakthrough of Literary Theory:On Literary Theory Thoughts of Tong Qingbing in His Later Years

"学案"研究由明末清初思想家黄宗羲所创,童庆炳晚年极力倡导,旨在为文学理论摆脱当下危机与困境提供一条有效出路。通过具体而微的"学案"清理与评判,既实现了研究路径与研究方法的突破,又努力实现文学理论的话语创新。"学案"研究包括"选案—审案—断案"三个步骤:"选案"需要有争议,要有问题意识和研究价值,须注意"案件"构成人物、事件及结构的重要性和复杂性;"审案"要破除"成见"又要打破"前见",以客观公正的立场对待"案件",并在翔实史料的爬梳清理与微观解析中,依据一定的标准和尺度进行评判,讲究"论"从"史"出;"断案"则涉及学术观点的表达以及对作品、人物或事件予以符合"史实"的历史再评价,并在"审"与"判"的定案过程中努力寻求文学理论话语的创新。

Founded by Huang Zongxi,a thinker during the late Ming and the early Qing dynasty,＂Case＂study was strongly advocated by Tong Qingbing in his later years,with the aim to provide an effective way out for literary theory to free itself from its present crisis and plight. And through an encapsulated sorting out and evaluation of the ＂cases＂,he not only achieved a breakthrough of its research approaches and methods,but tried his best to arrive at its discourse innovation as well. ＂Case＂study consists of three steps,namely the choice of a case,its investigation,and its settlement. While choosing,there must be disputes about a certain case,and,again,the one who chooses,be with problem consciousness,and the case chosen,be with research value,and the one who chooses,be with an eye at the importance and complexity of its constituent characters,incidents and structure,and while investigating,one needs to get rid of the ＂prejudices＂and the ＂pre-views＂,and deal with the case with an objective and fair stance and evaluate the case by a certain standard and scale through the sorting out and minute analysis with detailed and accurate historical materials so as to reach ＂conclusion＂from out of ＂history＂. However,settlement is related to expressing academic views,re-evaluating the characters,works or movements,and making efforts to realize discourse innovation of literary theory in the process of trial and judgment.