从“前三史”看汉代酷吏形象的历史演变及其成因

A Research on the Evolution and Causes of Callous Official Image of the Han Dynasty in the First Three Histories

司马迁与班固一前一后分别在各自的史学巨著《史记》和《汉书》中为西汉酷吏做传,突出表现了酷吏为政尚威、执法冷酷的形象特质。随后范晔又将东汉一朝的重要酷吏写进《后汉书》中,其笔下的东汉酷吏形象除具有执法严苛等所有酷吏的共有特质外,较之司马迁、班固笔下的西汉酷吏形象在为政风格和个人操守等方面还呈现出较多的变易性。汉代酷吏形象的历史演变与两汉政治经济状况的变化、东汉儒学的兴盛、统治者的好尚以及史学家的吏治思想有密切关系。

Both Si Maqian and Ban Gu wrote the biographies for callous officials of the Former Han History in their representative historical works. The callous officials in Historical Records written by Si Maqian and the Book of Former Han History written by Ban Gu are strict law enforcement officers. They are noted for cold-bloodedness and cruelness. After that,Fan Ye wrote the biography for important callous officials of the Later Han Dynasty in his representative historical work. The callous official image in History of the Later Han Dynasty shows similarities and obvious variabilities compared to the callous official image in Historical Records and the Book of Former Han History,and the variabilities are mainly allied to the differences in politics and economy between the Former Han History and the Later Han Dynasty,the prosperity of Confucianism in the Later Han Dynasty,the rulers preferences and the political thoughts of historians.