派特·欧多夫及其生态智慧视角下的高线公园植物造景

Piet Oudolf and Plantscaping of High Line Park from His Perspective of Eological Wisdom

生态智慧是一种向自然寻求启示的感悟,需要具备生态学相关知识、对环境的判断以及将前两者应用到实践中的能力这三个要素;生态智慧也是一种实践哲学。纽约曼哈顿高线公园的植物景观设计就是派特·欧多夫运用生态智慧的原理和策略,将生态智慧具体化的成功案例,在尽可能保留其原真性的基础上再创仿原生态环境,俨然已成为国际设计和旧物重建的一个典范。笔者介绍了派特·欧多夫其人及其专业实践的发展和追求,并对其生态智慧指导下的高线公园植物景观营造中的生态元素作了详尽细致的分析。通过分析,认为其植物造景的生态智慧体现在物种多样性、植物的生态适应性、植物及其景观营造的自然野性、植物景观融入流动的时间性和空间性、景观体验的如画性,以及植物及植物景观的保护上。高线公园景观设计的成功为营造人与自然和谐共生环境提供了有益启示,其设计理论和方法也为我国废弃地的改造提供如下指导:(1)设计思想要将实践中的关注和理论研究中的思考相结合;(2)景观的营造要结合规划设计师的思想和观点,进行再创造;(3)尊重原生态景观,汲取历史元素进行再创造,保护生态系统的多样性与活力;(4)植物景观要从长远考虑,确保其生态景观的可持续性发展;(5)植物的选择要综合考虑,因地制宜;(6)保护植物景观。

Ecological wisdom, the perceptions inspired by nature, involves ecological knowledge, judgments on environment and the ability to apply the two in practice. Ecological wisdom is a philosophy of practice. The landscape design of High Line Park in Manhattan is a specific successful case of the application of ecological wisdom, in which Pier Oudolf recreated the original ecological environment based on the conservation of the natural environment as much as possible by adopting principles and strategies of ecological wisdom. It has become an example of international design and reconstruction of old locations. After the introduction to Piet Oudolf and his professional development and pursuit, this paper makes a detailed analysis on the ecological elements in his plantscaping design of High Line Park under the guidance of ecological wisdom. It is found that the ecological wisdom in design is reflected in the following aspects： species diversity, ecological adaptability of plants, natural wildness of plantscaping, temporal and spatial flow of plantscaping, picturesqueness, and protection of plants and plantscaping. The successful design of High Line Park is inspiring for the harmonious environment development of coexistence between man and nature. It also provides the following hints as to the reconstruction of old locations of China： the theoretical research should be combined with the concern in practice in design; landscaping aims to recreate in combination with designers ＇ ideas; ecological diversity and vitality should be protected by conserving the original ecological landscape and drawing on the historical elements; plantscaping needs long-term consideration to ensure the sustainable development of ecological environment; the choice of plants should be considered comprehensively to suit the local conditions; the protection of plant landscape should be valued.