2D. W. Johnson, R. T. Johnson. Learning Together and Alone: Cooper-ative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning[M]. Massachusetts: Prentice-hall, 1994: 25-38.
3R. E. Slavin. Cooperative learning: Theory, Research, and Practice[M]. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: hllyn and Bacon, 1995: 15-27.
4M. H. Abdullah. Problem-BassedLearning in language instruction:Aconstructivist model[J]. Eric Digest, 1998(9): 49-66.
5W. H. Gijselaers. Connecting problem-based practices with educational theory[J]. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 1996(68): 13-21.
6H. G. Schmidt, J. C. Moust. Factors affecting small-group tutorial learing: A review of research[J]. Problem-Based Learning, 2000(5): 19-51.
7Howard. S. Barrows. How to design a problem-based curriculum for the preclinical years[M]. New York: Springer Pub. Co, 1985: 139-141.
8Robert Delisle. How to Use problem-based learning in the classroom[M]. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Super Vision & Curriculum Deve, 1997: 26-37.
9C. E. Hmelo, D. H. Evensen. Problem-based learning:Gaining insights on learning interactions through multiple methods of inquiry[J]. Problem-Based Learning, 2000(5): 1-16.
10G. Camp. Problem-based learning: A paradigm shift or a passing fad[J]. Medical Education Online, 1996, 1(2): 1-6.
