从伦理生活的民主形式到民主的伦理生活形式——自由主义-社群主义之争与新法兰克福学派的转型

From the Democratic Form of Ethical Life to the Ethical Form of Democracy——The Liberal-Communitarian Debate and the Transition of the New Frankfurt School

新法兰克福学派的形成与转型无疑属于20世纪欧陆实践哲学中最富有成效的思想运动之一,而自由主义-社群主义之争则是英美政治哲学众声喧哗中的一场独特且有广泛影响力的学术争论。新法兰克福学派是一个含混的概念,其转型是一个更加含混的概念;自由主义-社群主义之争则如同以往围绕现代性之两面性所展开的种种争论一样引起了相关各方殊异的反应。从对哈贝马斯与韦尔默相关争论的考察可以看出,后者关于"伦理生活的民主形式"与"民主的伦理生活形式"的区分不但深化了前者关于"与政治物相关的文化"和"以政治的方式做成的文化"之间的区分,而且推进了我们对于"现代性仍然是一个未完成的谋划"这一断言的理解。

One of the most fruitful intellectual movements of the practical philosophy in the 20 th century is the emergence and transition of new Frankfurt school. However, since the new Frankfurt school is an ambiguous name in itself, different scholars always have different understandings of its transition. This article attempts to capture the nature of the transition of new Frankfurt school from a fix perspective, that is, the debate between liberalism and communitarianism, which is a typical and influential academic dispute in Anglo-American political philosophy and initiates diverse theoretical reactions from different parties as other debates involve the duality of modernity. By exploring the academic discussions between Jürgen Habermas and Albrecht Wellmer, we argue that Wellmers＇ distinction between ＂the democratic form of ethical life＂ and ＂the ethical form of democracy＂ not only helps us to understand Habermas＇ distinction between ＂politically relevant culture＂ and ＂politically formed culture＂, but also help us to appreciate Habermas＇ claim of ＂modernity as an unfinished project. ＂