罗尔斯公平正义观的证成与反思——兼述桑德尔对罗尔斯正义论的批驳

Verification and Reflection on Rawls' s Theory of Justice as Fairness——Sandel's Criticism of Rawls' s Theory

罗尔斯继承了康德的道义论,发展了自霍布斯以降的古典契约论,提出了关于社会基本结构的公平正义论以取代盛行的功利主义。基于正义的首要性和原初状态的设置,罗尔斯证成了两个正义原则,作为指导社会分配权利和义务、划分利益和负担的原则。桑德尔对此提出反驳,认为公平正义观存在逻辑矛盾,占有性自我观也是不成立的。笔者认为桑德尔的批判切中肯綮,但也应意识到作为一种规范性政治理论的公平正义观,我们应该从价值维度进行解读。

Inheriting Kant＇s deontology and developing the western traditional contractualism since Hobbes, John Rawls advanced a theory of justice as fairness in social basic structure to replace the prevailing utilitarianism. On the basis of the premier of justice and the original position, Rawls justified two principles of justice to guide the society to assign right and obligation, and divide benefit and burden. On the contrary, Michael Sandel holds that there is logic contradiction in the theory of justice as fairness, and possessive self is unjustifiable. In my opinion Sandel＇s criticism of Rawls is reasonable, but we should notice that we should interpret the theory of justice as fairness, as a normative political theory, in view of value.